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Water Operator

Class D info

Question	Answer
The primary purpose of the Water Utility Industry	The production and delivery of safe drinking water to consumers
Those who work in the public water industry have a responsibility to meet standards created by these types of government entities.	Federal and State
basic federal and state standards state that Water must be:	disinfected, delivered at adequate pressure, and be ample in quantity.
Employees should guard what	the water supply and facilities
Employees should guard the water supply and facilities from these three things.	contamination, vandalism and terrorism
Bacteriological analysis records are kept for	5 years
Chemical analysis records are kept for	10 years
Records about action taken to correct violations of primary drinking water regulations are kept for	3 years after last action taken
Written documentation relating to sanitary surveys conducted are kept for	10 years after the survey is completed
Documentation of a variance or exemption granted is kept for	5 years after its expiration
Results of required tests, measurements or analysis must be reported	within 10 days following its completion
A copy of Consumer Confidence reports (EPA Required)must be kept for	5 years
Administers water operator licensing	TCEQ
TCEQ	Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Description of a public water system	Regularly serves at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year.Services at least 15 service connections.
MUDs	Municipal Utility Districts
Water is essential to	Life and health
Customers are entitled to	courteous treatment & answers to questions about water
This type of public system is not required to compile monthly reports	systems that serve less than 100 connections OR purchase treated water
Job training for water utility operators is available through these 3 organizations	American Water Works Association, Texas Engineering Extension Service, Texas Water Utilities Association
All public water systems are required to employ certified operators even if the system only	redistributes treated water bought from another source
cities, municipal utility districts,rural water supply corporations mobile home parks, campgrounds are examples of:	Public Water Systems
Examples of community water systems	cities, municipal utility districts,rural water supply corporations, mobile home parks, campgrounds
Non-community water system	Any public water system that is not a community system
travel trailer spaces, Hotel and motel rooms, service stations are examples of this type of water systems	non-community water systems
The federal agency that impacts the water industry	EPA
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency
The most important federal law impacting the water utility industry is the	Safe Drinking Water Act
The Safe Drinking Water Act establishes these 4 national safety and quality standards	Physical, Chemical, Bacteriological, Radiological
The state agency that regulated drinking water in Texas and administers the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act	TCEQ
The water system must notify the TCEQ when (5 items)	there is a change or alteration of the system; a new facility to be build; water supply health hazards; change in water quality; change in water source
MUDs; Rural Water Supply Corporations; Drainage Districts; Ground Water Conservation Districts; Subsidence Districts and River Authorities -- These are what type of agencies and what do they impact?	Regional and local agencies that impact the water utility industry
The relationship between you and the customer	Public Relations
PR	Public Relations
Wat are the three keys to good customer relations	Everything the utility does is PR; Customers are entitles to courteous treatment; Every employee is a PR person
Customers have the most contact with	Meter Readers
Meter readers can be ambassadors of goodwill by doing these 5 things	wearing identifying clothing; being neat and courteous; Teaching customers how to read their meter; Explaining utility policies such as delinquent notices or disputed readings; Taking care or property
Maintenance crews can warn customers of	service interruptions
Maintenance crews can provide this to protect the public	signs and barriers
The plant operator is responsible for making the water	safe to drink and use
Water bills should be 4 things	accurate; itemized; neat; legible
It is important that the utility have a sense of this (attitude)	pride and professionalism
Employees should be kept informed of utility...	plans and policies
How should customer complaints be treated?	as legitimate and investigated as soon as possible
In small water systems the operator is often	a meter reader, repair crew and pump operator; the highest paid employee; a college graduate
Stuffers are	sent to customers in billing statements
Suffers can be many things. Name 4.	departments to call for service; explanations of utility policy; a history of the utility; tips on water conservation
Delinquent payment notices should be (4 things)	tactful and tasteful; mailed in an envelope; businesslike
The EPA requires community water systems to The water system must provide customers with a report on the system's water quality how often?	yearly
The annual system water quality report should be	attractive; easy to understand
The annual system water quality report can build what	goodwill and trust with the customer
Good treatment of employees includes 3 primary things	fair wages; benefits; safe working conditions
After action is taken on a complaint the employee should do this to to make sure everything is satisfactory(OK).	follow up with a phone call, post card or e-mail
Give 3 reasons that water plant facilities should be kept neat and clean	to indicate a professional attitude; to keep public support; to keep confidence in the water quality
The employee should listen to special requests and look for ways to oblige the customer within	utility policy
The chemical symbol for water	H2O
Three forms of water	solid(ice); liquid(water); water(vapor/gas)
Hydrological cycle	the natural exchange of water between the earth and atmosphere
Average water use depends on these 5 things	temperature; rainfall; cost; supply; economic level
Ground Water is located	located below the earth's surface (underground)
Name the three places that surface water comes from.	rivers; lakes; reservoirs
According to the TCEQ, future water supplies will be	more scarce
Raw Water	Surface water or ground water prior to treatment
Ground water is tapped by	wells
Potable water	water that is free of disease-causing organisms, has a chlorine residual and is safe for human consumption
Before construction, the utility must submit engineering plans to	the AWWA
Operators should keep records of 5 types of things	water usage; system pressure; sample results; repairs; amount of chlorine used
Reports by Surface water systems must be received by the TCEQ at this location	Austin
Reports for Surface water systems must be received by the TCEQ by	the 15th of the following month
How often are ground water systems are required to compile reports?	monthly
Reports for Ground Water Systems must be kept for...	inspection or review but are not required to mail them in
Types of systems that are not required to compile monthly reports	Ground Water & Surface Water that serve less than 100 connections
Water is never found in nature with this characteristic	pure
Name the 5 physical characteristics of water	Temperature; Turbidity; Color; Taste and Odor
Chemical Characteristics of water	Hardness; pH; Solids; Gases
Turbidity	the amount of suspended matter such as clay, silt, organic matter and microorganisms in water
Color in water can result from	mineral or organic matter
True color	dissolved in water; cannot be removed by filtering
Apparent Color	suspended in water; can be filtered out
an example of true color	tea
an example of apparent color	red water caused by oxidized iron
algae; bacteria; organic matter; gases; and chemicals give what to water	taste and color
chemicals in water are measured in	mg/L
mg/L	milligrams per liter
How often should surface water be sampled for chemical analysis?	once a year
How often should ground water be sampled for chemical analysis?	every 3 years
Hardness is caused by	calcium and magnesium and other minerals
The pH scale ranges from	0 to 14
acidic on the pH scale is (number range)	from 0 to 7
basic on the pH scale is	from 7 to 14
neutral on the pH scales is	7
Solids that can be removed by filtering	suspended
Solids that cannot be removed by filtering	dissolved
Name 3 Common gases found in water	hydrogen sulfide; carbon dioxide; methane
chemically water is made up of	two atoms hydrogen; one atom oxygen
Nature's way of recycling water	the hydrological cycle
the quality water standard of public water supplies is	drinking
one of the most important purposes of a public water supply	fire fighting
Organic matter includes	matter that is alive or once was alive
The most important treatment process is	disinfection
the treatment process which destroys disease-causing organisms	disinfection
Public water systems are required to compile a monthly report showing	disinfection
Most ground water is relatively free of	turbidity
Turbidity can be a major problem in	surface water
Color level should be	less than or equal to 15 units
Turbidity is measured in this unit	NTUs
Taste and Odor Units	TONs
Water is considered hard when	it exceeds 100 mg/L of calcium carbonate
A gallon of water weighs	8.34 pounds
1 mg/L of water equals	1 ppm by weight
ppm	part per million
List 5 characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide	heavier than air; colorless; flammable; toxic; has a rotten egg odor
Excessive nitrates in drinking water can cause	blue baby syndrome in infants
Excessive amounts of fluoride may cause	mottling/staining of teeth
byproducts of chlorination	Trihalomethanes THMs; Haloacetic Acids HAAs
Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids may cause problems with (4 health related items)	the liver; kidneys; central nervous systems; increase cancer risks
What is the Action level for Copper? (by the Lead and Copper rule)	1.3 mg/L
What is the Action level for Lead? (by the Lead and Copper rule)	.015
Turbidity limits	less than or equal to .3 NTU
What is the acceptable Fluoride range in water?	.7 to 1.0 mg/L
Nitrates Limits	less than or equal to 20mg/L as nitrogen
Dissolved solids limits	less than or equal to 1000 mg/L
Taste and Color Limits	less than or equal to 15 units
Aquifer	underground water-bearing formation yielding useful quantities of water
The quantity of water that a formation yields depends on	the depth, thickness, drawdown and permeability of the formation
What are 2 problems caused by over-pumping include	falling water levels; subsidence
subsidence	sinking of the land
the purpose of the well casing and cementing is to	protect the well from collapse and surface contamination
The purpose of the well screen is to	reduce/keep sand out of the well
the most important feature of the well screen is	the size of the openings (mesh size)
A screen's mesh size is determined by 3 things. What are they?	size of the aquifer material; size of the gravel in the gravel pack; type of well development
Gravel pack	Fine gravel placed around the well screen
The purpose of a well's gravel pack is to	reduce pumping sand
Well Vent	vacuum breaker
The Purpose of a well vent	to allow the casing to breathe as water levels change when the pump cycles
Name 2 problems that vacuums in wells can cause	drawing of contaminants into the well; restriction of the free flow of water to the well pump
Public wells must be provided with 4 things. What are they?	concrete sealing block; meter; screened vent; sampling faucet
Contamination types allowed INSIDE/WITHIN 50 feet of a well	None
Livestock must be this many feet away from a well	50
Storm Sewers must be this many feet away from a well	50
Septic Tanks must be this many feet away from a well	50
Tile or Concrete Sewers must be this many feet away from a well	50
UNDERGROUND Fuel Storage Tanks must be this many feet away from a well	150
Septic Drainage Fields must be this many feet away from a well	150
Sewage Wet Wells must be this many feet away from a well	300
Sewage Pumping Stations must be this many feet away from a well	300
Wastewater Drainage Ditches must be this many feet away from a well	300
Animal Feed Lots must be this many feet away from a well	500
Sewage Treatment Plants must be this many feet away from a well	500
Solid Waste Disposal Sites must be this many feet away from a well	500
Irrigation With Sewage Effluents must be this many feet away from a well	500
Zone of No Sewers	50 feet around a well
List 4 ways to reduce the pumping of sand	Lowering the gpm pump rate; Cycling the pump less; Installing sand separation devices; Correcting problems such as loss of gravel pack
GPM	Gallons per minute
Water from a new well should not be used until what happens?	bacteriological samples for three successive days show NO coliform
coliforms are	organisms
successive	in a row without interruption
consecutive	in a row without interruption
coliforms are	a type of organism
pumping level	water level with the pump running
static level	water level without the pump running
Drawdown =	pumping level - static level; the difference between static level and pumping; always a positive number
Surface water usually contains more of these than ground water	Microorganisms
Ground water usually contains less of these than surface water	Microorganisms
Ground water usually contains more of these than surface water	dissolved minerals and gases
Surface water usually contains less of these than ground water	dissolved minerals and gases
Water table wells are usually (depth)	shallow
Artesian wells are	deep wells
Artesian Aquifer	Deep aquifer
Springs	natural outcrops where an aquifer reaches the surface
Deep wells are usually	artesian aquifers
Artesian aquifers are overlaid by an	impervious layer of rock
impervious layer	a layer of rock that water cannot enter
Cone of Depression	an area around a water table well that is dewatered by pumping
Zone of pressure reduction	an area around an artesian well that is dewatered by pumping
Circle of influence	the top area around a well that is dewatered by pumping
An abandoned well must be	sealed
Public wells must be provided with a	concrete sealing block; meter; screened vent; sampling faucet
Contamination types allowed INSIDE/WITHIN 50 feet of a well	None
Livestock must be this many feet away from a well	50
Storm Sewers must be this many feet away from a well	50
Septic Tanks must be this many feet away from a well	50
Tile or Concrete Sewers must be this many feet away from a well	50
UNDERGROUND Fuel Storage Tanks must be this many feet away from a well	150
Septic Drainage Fields must be this many feet away from a well	150
Sewage Wet Wells must be this many feet away from a well	300
Sewage Pumping Stations must be this many feet away from a well	300
Wastewater Drainage Ditches must be this many feet away from a well	300
Animal Feed Lots must be this many feet away from a well	500
Sewage Treatment Plants must be this many feet away from a well	500
Solid Waste Disposal Sites must be this many feet away from a well	500
Irrigation With Sewage Effluents must be this many feet away from a well	500
Zone of No Sewers	50 feet around a well
Ways to reduce sand pumping	Lowering the gpm pump rate; Cycling the pump less; Installing sand separation devices; Correcting problems such as loss of gravel pack
GPM	Gallons per minute
Water from a new well should not be used until what analysis	bacteriological samples for three successive days show NO cloriforms
cloriforms are	organisms
successive	in a row without interruption
consecutive	in a row without interruption
coliforms are	types of organisms
pumping level	water level with the pump ringing
static level	water level without the pump running
Surface water usually contains more of these than ground water	Microorganisms
Ground water usually contains less of these than surface water	Microorganisms
Ground water usually contains more of these than surface water	dissolved minerals and gases
Surface water usually contains less of these than ground water	dissolved minerals and gases
Artesian wells are (depth)	deep wells
Artesian Aquifer	Deep aquifer
Springs	natural outcrops where an aquifer reaches the surface
Deep wells are usually	artesian aquifers
Artesian aquifers are overlaid by an	impervious layer of rock
impervious layer	a layer of rock that water cannot enter
Cone of Depression	an area around a water table well that is dewatered by pumping
Zone of pressure reduction	an area around an artesian well that is dewatered by pumping
Circle of influence	the top area around a well that is dewatered by pumping
Two major Auquifers in Texas	Edwards & Ogallala
Completed wells must be protected by	fences or locked well houses
Sanitary control easement	an area around a well that is secured from property owners and recorded in the county courthouse deed records
Size of Sanitary control easement	150 feet around the well
Developing a well	process of flushing out a well
Purpose of developing a well	to remove drilling mud and loose sand
Name for methods of developing a well	surging; overpumping; jetting; backwashing
What dosage is required to disinfect a well	at least 50 mg/l of chlorine
What is the minimum length of time that a well disinfection solution needs to remain in the well	6 hours
purpose of well disinfection	to disinfect the pump gravel and screen
The purpose of well disinfection is not to disinfect the	water in the aquifer
A well sample for physical and chemical analysis must be taken after	36 hours of pumping
Changes in water levels or the amount of water produced/pumped from a well can show 3 things	a drop in the water table; screen stoppage; damage to the pump
The most common type of deep well pumps (2)	submersible & vertical turbine
Jet pumps	used in shallow wells when the amount of water delivered is small
Gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are reduced by	Aeration
Sodium hydroxide or soda ash is used to adjust	pH
Corrosiveness is reduced by	adjusting the pH
Two techniques used to remove calcium and magnesium	adding lime; exchanging ions
To soften hard water	add lime; this reacts with the hard water to remove calcium and magnesium, causing the water to "soften"
Two major Auquifers in Texas	Edwards & Ogallala
Completed wells must be protected by	fences or locked well houses
Sanitary control easement	an area round a well that is secured from property owners and recorded in the county courthouse deed records
Size of Sanitary control easement	150 feet around the well
Developing a well	process of flushing out a well
The purpose of developing a well is to	remove drilling mud and loose sand
Methods of developing a well	surging; overpumping; jetting; backwashing
What dosage is required to disinfect a well	at least 50 mg/l of chlorine
length of time for well disinfection solution to remain in well	minimum of 6 hours
The purpose of well disinfection is to	disinfect the pump gravel and screen
The purpose of well disinfection is not to disinfect the	water in the aquifer
A well sample for physical and chemical analysis must be taken after	36 hours of pumping
Changes in water levels or the amount of water produced/pumped from a well can show	a drop in the water table; screen stoppage; damage to the pump
submersible & vertical turbine	Most common type of deep well pumps
Jet pumps	used in shallow wells when the amount of water delivered is small
Gases such as methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are reduced by	Aeration
Sodium hydroxide or soda ash is used to adjust	pH
Corrosiveness is reduce by	adjusting the pH
Used to remove calcium and magnesium	adding lime; exchanging ions
percolation	water moving through the soil
Surface water	Water above ground, but not in the air
Percentage of public water systems that use surface water	1/4 or 25%
1000 feet	The distance that boat ramps, docks and fishing peirs must be away from a water intake
Lakes may be low in	Bacteria and Organic Matter
Rivers may be high in	Bacteria and Organic Matter
Surface water is low in	Minerals, Gases & Dissolved Solids
What are the three objectives of water treatment	to protect the public health, to supply an aesthetically pleasing product and to protect consumer property
Name the 8 treatment required by the TCEQ for all surface water.	pretreatment, pre-disinfection, taste and odor control, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, covered storage, and terminal disinfection
Name 5 methods of controlling taste and odor problems	lake destratification, algae control, aeration, chemical oxidation, activated carbon
Name 3 chemicals that are Coagulants	Alum, Ferrous sulfate, Ferric chloride
Coagulants cause	small particles in water to clot together forming floc
The flocculation process	forms larger particles that settle more readily
Jar Tests	help the operator determine which chemical and how much to apply
5 things that effect Coagulation	Turbidity, pH, Temperature, Alkalinity, Chemical dosage
Name 2 Chlorine resistant microorganisms	Giardia, Cryptosporidium
Filtering is the final step in	removing suspended matter and chlorine resistant microorganisms
Common Filter	Rapid Sand Filter
Rapid Sand Filter media	has several layers of different sized media
Backwashing	Cleans the filter
A filter must be backwashed when head loss is	approximately 6 to 10 feet
Head	pressure
Quality water has low amounts of 5 things. What are they?	color, turbidity, solids, taste, odor
Pretreatment includes 7 processes. What are they?	lake destratification, control of algae, debris removal, presedimentation, aeration, chemical oxidation, activated carbon adsorption
These two things are used to control Algae Blooms	Copper sulfate and approved algacides
What is the Copper sulfate dosage range for Algae Bloom control	0.1 to 0.5
The most effective treatment for taste and odor	Activated Carbon Adsorption
What 2 chemicals are used to adjust pH or alkalinity?	Lime and soda ash
the process of Coagulation and flocculation is	the process of using chemicals to clot particles together
floc must be allowed to settle in	sedimentation basins
Flock must be allowed to settle for a minimum of	6 hours
Name7 factors that effect sedimentation	floc weight, floc size, floc shape, water temperature, detention time, water velocity, short circuiting
Backwashing should expand the filter by	30 to 50%
Common filter problem	mud balls
mud balls can be prevented by	proper backwashing
List 4 chemicals commonly used in disinfection	chloramine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine
Disinfection destroys disease-causing microorganisms called	pathogens
Most Microorganisms ___________ pathogens. (are, are not)	are not
Disinfection kills pathogens without	sterilization
Sterilization kills what microorganisms?	All
Most bacteria are __________________ for life.	necessary
Some bacteria live and grow in the _______.	intestines
Waterborne or water carried pathogens live and grow in the	intestines of infected people
Pathogens are present only if the person is	infected
Waterborne Diseases (definition)	Diseases transmitted by unsafe water
Common Intestinal disorders related to waterborne diseases (11 names)	Typhoid; Cholera; Paratyphoid; Legionnaires' disease; Bacillary dysentery; Polio; Amoebic dysentery; Giardiasis; Hepatitis; Cryptosporidiosis; Gastroenteritis; and others
Indicator Microorganisms	Microorganisms that indicate that the water may contain pathogens; The total coliform group of bacteria
Are Indicator Microorganisms pathogens?	no
What type of organisms do we test for?	Indicator Microorganisms
Total Coliform group(type) bacteria includes	fecal and non-fecal coliform
Where does Fecal coliform live?	The intestines of Humans and warm-blooded animals
Where does non-fecal coliform primarily live?	in the soil
The most specific indicator of intestinal contamination	E. Coli
Fecal Coliform in a sample indicates that	Intestinal waste is in the sample
When fecal coliform is found in a sample there is ______________ of disease	a risk
Risk of disease is	Alarming
A positive fecal coliform water sample is considered	Alarming
Bacteriological Samples must be ___________________ of the system	Representative
Bacteriological Samples must be collected in:	sterile containers.
This must not happen to bacteriological samples during the sampling process.	They must not be contaminated.
Name the three types of Test Results	Positive Negative Unsuitable for Analysis
A Positive Bacteriological Sample means that:	coliform was found
A Negative Bacteriological Sample means that:	coliform was not found
The first 3 Bacteriological Sample Collection Process (there are a total of 10)	1. Determine the number of samples required; 2. Develop a written sample-siting plan; 3. Obtain Sample Containers
Steps 4 through 7 of the Bacteriological Sample Collection Process (there are a total of 10)	4. Obtain Routine samples from designated; sites; 5. Flush the service line; 6. Test the chlorine residual; 7. Flame or disinfect the faucet
Steps 8 through 10 of the Bacteriological Sample Collection Process	8. Fill the sample container; 9. Fill out the form; 10. Send the sample and form to the laboratory
The minimum number of bacteriological samples required is based on	the population served (number of people); State and federal Agencies
A sample-siting plan assures that	samples are taken from active Representative services
Sample Containers must be	sterile
Sample Containers contain	sodium thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the	chlorine residual
The point of collection must be: (4 things)	Sanitary; no overhanging plants; no insect nests; no leaky faucets
To flush the service line you:	Open the faucet fully
How long do you flush the service line?	Until the water coming out is from the main line
How do you know when you are finished flushing the service line?	The water temperature changes - indicating that the water is from the main line
How do you disinfect a faucet that you are going to collect a water sample from?	Flame it or Use a chemical
What 3 chemicals can be used to disinfect a faucet?	Alcohol; Hydrogen peroxide; Bleach; Allow extra contact time
When filling a sample container you open the faucet how far?	to a pencil-sized stream of water
How much water goes into a sample container?	at least 100 ml but not completely full
if a sample container that is given to the lab is completely full what will happen?	The lab will reject it
When collecting a water sample DO NOT:	touch the inside of the container or cap
A sample container cannot be any older than	6 months
When filling out a sample collection form the form must be filled out	completely
A sample must be received by the lab within:	30 hours
If a sample is not received by the lab within 30 hours	the lab rejects it
How are samples cared for during transport?	cooled using ice
Repeat Samples are taken when	a routine sample is positive
The number of repeat samples needed is determined by	the number of monthly samples normally required
Positive samples may be removed from your record (yes, no)	yes
A positive sample may be removed from your record when	repeat samples are negative AND the system(you) explains why the positive sample was not representative
Repeat samples that are removed from your record are not	invalidated
Repeat samples are used to determine this type of compliance	coliform MCL compliance
MCL	Maximum Contaminate Level
Repeat Sample Procedure	Take a total of 3 samples all on the same day; repeat the process for 4 consecutive days
Repeat samples are taken at 3 different locations. Name them.	1 from the point where the positive sample was taken; 1 from within 5 connection upstream from the positive point; 1 from within 5 connection downstream from the positive point
Monitoring is required when	required routine or repeat samples are not submitted
An ACUTE Risk violation occurs when any of these 3 things occur	You submit greater than or equal to 40 samples a month and > 5% are positive; You submit less than 40 samples a month and > 1 sample are positive; OR A positive FECAL coliform sample is followed by either a positive FECAL or TOTAL coliform sample
A NON-ACUTE Risk violation occurs when	A routine TOTAL Coliform sample is positive THEN A repeat TOTAL coliform sample is positive
Before notifying the public about a violation you	CONSULT WITH THE TCEQ FIRST
Acute Violation Notification Procedure (2 things)	1. Telephone TCEQ immediately; 2. Notify the public within 72 hours
In the case of an Acute Violation, the public should be notified within this amount of time	72 hours
In the case of an Acute Violation, the public should be notified by these two types of media	Radio & TV
In the case of an Acute Violation, the notification must include the words	"Serious Health Concern"
Non-Acute Violation Notification Procedure	Notify the public within 14 days
In the case of a Non-Acute Violation, the public should be notified by these two types of media	Mail or Newspaper
In the case of a Non-Acute Violation, the notification must include the words	"Possible Health Concern"
TCEQ Special Precautions are required when the system experiences: (4 items)	low distribution pressure; Water outages; Repeated unacceptable microbiological samples; Failure to maintain adequate chlorine residuals
Chlorination is the most important process in	the production of potable water
In Texas all public water systems must have	Chlorination facilities
Low distribution levels occur when the pressure drops below:	20 psi
Disinfectant Residual must be in the water when the water is (where - 2)	in storage; being transported through the system
To be effective in drinking water chlorine must be	in it at all times
The common name for Sodium Hypochlorite	Liquid Bleach
Sodium hypochlorite is produced by	reacting chlorine with SODIUM HYDROXIDE and WATER
Sodium hypochlorite disinfection is normally used by this type of system	SMALL water systems
The sodium hypochlorite must be approved by the	NSF
NSF	National Sanitation Foundation
Bleach is not	Liquid Chlorine
Liquid Chlorine is	Pure, liquefied, gas chlorine
Calcium Hypochlorite is used in these forms	granular and power
Calcium Hypochlorite is produced by	reacting chlorine with LIME
Calcium Hypochlorite is normally used by this size of system	SMALL water systems
Calcium Hypochlorite must be approved by this organization	NSF
Calcium Hypochlorite is a	powerful Oxidizer
Calcium Hypochlorite will explode if any of these 3 things happens	it contacts oil; contacts organic material; gets too hot
Calcium Hypochlorite must be stored in this type of place(environment)	a cool place
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature looks like	Greenish-Yellow gas
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature has this odor	pungent odor
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature weighs	2 and 1/2 (2.5) times more than air
Pure Chlorine at room-temperature is __________ to living things	TOXIC
Pure Chlorine when wet is (3 things)	Corrosive; a strong oxidizer; does not burn
Pure Chlorine in liquid form looks like	Reddish-yellow (amber) color
The chemical symbol for Chlorine is	CL2 (the 2 is a subscript)
Name 3 Common Chlorine shipping containers	150lb Cylinders; Ton containers; 90-ton Railroad cars
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for 150lb Cylinders using vacuum transmission	1 lb/day per degree F
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for 150lb Cylinders using pressure transmission	42lbs/day (based on air temp of 70)
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for Ton Containers using vacuum transmission	8lbs/day per degree F
Chlorine withdrawal Maximums for Ton Containers using pressure transmission	336 lbs/day (based on air temp of 70)
Required Capacity for Disinfection of Potable (drinkable) water	50% greater than the highest expected dosage
Hypochlorinators are typically used in this size of plant or water system	small plants (water systems)
Name 3 types of equipment used by Hypochlorinators	Mixing tank; Water; Chemical pump
Two chemicals that are used by Hypochlorinators	Sodium hypochlorite OR Calcium hypochlorite
This type of Chlorination is typically used in large plants (water systems)	Gas Chlorination
Where should the cylinder apparatus on a gas cylinder be?	the top of the tank
Gas should be withdrawn from a cylinder from this location	from the top of the cylinder
A Cylinder apparatus inlet valve allows	gas to enter the apparatus
A rotameter does this	measures the gas moving through the cylinder apparatus
A rotameter measures gas in	lbs/day or grams/hour
A cylinder ejector allows this	allows chlorine to pass into the water supply
Dosage	The amount of chemical applied in mg/l or ppm
Dosage unit of measure	mg/L or ppm
PPM	Parts per million
Demand	The amount of chemical used up by reducing agents
Residual	The amount of chemical remaining after reacting with demand
Dosage =	Dosage = Demand + Residual
Free Chlorine	Chemically uncombined
Combined Residual	Chloramine
Chloramine	Chlorine combined with Ammonia
Total Residual Calculation	Total Residual = Free Chlorine Residual + Chloramine (combined chlorine) residual
Minimum Free Chlorine Residual	0.2 ml/L
Minimum Chloramine Residual	0.5 mg/L
Chloramine is measured as	Total Residual
Chloramine can cause this	taste and odor
Which is stronger: Chloramine or Free Chlorine	Chloramine
Which is more reactive: Chloramine or Free Chlorine	Free Chlorine
Which last longer: Free Chlorine or Chloramine?	Chloramine
To much Chlorine residual results in the production of these 2 cancer causing chemicals	Trihalomethanes or Haloacetic Acids
Maximum Free Chlorine Residual	4 mg/L
Maximum Chloramine Residual	4 mg/L
This chemical is added to water when testing Chlorine Residuals	DPD
DPD unit of measure	mg/L
What happens when you add DPD to water	It reacts with Chlorine and turns the water pink
Chlorine Residuals are measured using this type of equipment (3)	Colorimeter; Bench top Spectrophotometer; Titration (multiple types)
Chlorine and Water makes these two acids	Hydrochloric (HCL) Acid; Hyperchlorous(HOCL) Acid
HCL	Hydrochloric (HCL) Acid
HOCL	Hyperchlorous(HOCL) Acid
Hydrochloric (HCL) Acid AND Hyperchlorous(HOCL) Acid ARE	DISINFECTANTS
another name for REDUCING AGENTS	Demand
Reducing Agent	Matter that reacts with chlorine
What kind of matter is a reducing agent?	organic or inorganic (all types)
The result of Reducing Agent reactions is	matter is destroyed/deactivated the disinfection power is reduced or destroyed
Chlorine is highly irritating to what parts of the body	the nose and throat
Exposure to Chlorine causes severe	coughing and Tissue damage
Heavy Exposure to Chlorine can be	Fatal
Common Types of Reducing Agents	Ammonia; Iron; Manganese; Hydrogen Sulfide; Bacteria; Organic Compounds
SCBA	Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
In order to be useful, a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) must be 3 things. List them	readily available; Stored away from the Chlorinator room; inspected regularly
Disinfection Equipment Capacity must be how much?	must be 50% greater than the highest expected demand dosage at any time
Chlorinator Rooms -- Housing must be	above ground
Chlorinator equipment and Chlorine Containers must be stored	in separate areas
Chlorinator Rooms must have this kind of vents	High level and Low level screened vents
Chlorinator Rooms with more than 1 open 150lb cylinder must have	Forced air ventilation
Name two parts of forced air ventilation equipment	vents; fan
A Chlorinator room's fan switch must be located	outside the room
Chlorine storage temperature	between 50 and 140 degrees
Cylinder pressure Relief Plugs melt at	160 degrees
EPA Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply to what entities	Any Private, municipal or industrial entity with 2500lbs or more of Chlorine
TCEQ Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply to this type of container	a 1 Ton Container (or more)of Chlorine or Ammonia is within a 1/4 mile of a residential or higher development
If EPA Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply you must	have a Chemical Risk Management Program
You must have this when TCEQ Chemical Risk Management Requirements apply to you	Evacuation Procedures Established
To detect a Chlorine leak	Hold an open bottle of 10% Ammonium Hydroxide (ammonia and water) under the suspect point (where you think the leak is)
If the appropriate solution is held under a chlorine leak this happens	ammonium chloride will appear as white smoke
Before entering a room that contains Chlorine Gas 5 the employee should...(there are 5)	1. Be trained and prepared; 2. Wear a fresh air supply; 3. have standby help; 4. Have repair Equipment; 5. Wear a safety harness and life line
The best source of help for a Chlorine Leak	the Supplier
If you encounter chlorine do these 4 things	1. keep your mouth closed; 2. avoid deep breathing; 3. keep your head high; 4. quickly leave the area
Name 3 Alternative Disinfectants	Chlorine Dioxide; Ultraviolet Light; Ozone
Aeration	Bringing Water into contact with air
Alum	a coagulant used in water treatment
Maximum Chlorine level when water is going from the water system to a ground source	.11 mg/l
Storage Facilities equalize _______________ on the water supply	Demand
Storage fills when demand is	low
Storage begins to empty during ____________ demand	peak
Storage provides for these three things	Uniform pumping rates (control pressure on flow surges); supplies water for fire fighting (adequate pressure); provides time for disinfection (effective chlorination)
Ground storage is generally constructed of	reinforced concrete or steel
Storage's place in the treatment and distribution process is	before distribution and after production
Clear Well	Ground storage at a surface water treatment plant receiving the treated water
TCEQ requires all storage tanks to have	Screened Vents; Locked Hatches; A dust proof cover; Overflows with hinged flaps and entry ports
Screened vents are made of	corrosion resistant material
The size of mesh on storage tank screened vents	16 or finer
the Gap on Storage Tank Overflow covers cannot be more than	1/16"
The rim of the Storage Tank Entry port must extend at least	4" above the tank
the rim of the storage tank entry port must have a lid with this to prevent rain from entering	2" overlap
Required storage capacity when the only type of storage is ground storage	200 gallons per connection
Required storage capacity when storage types include more than ground storage	200 gallons per connection
If a storage tank does not have a 30" diameter access opening, it must have	primary roof access of at lease 30" diameter
If a storage tank does not have a 30" diameter access opening, you must provide one at this time	next major maintenance
A storage tanks access opening should measure	30" diameter
Ground Storage must be maintained according to	AWWA Standards
Ground Storage: No lead is allowed in the	paint, coatings, wax
True or False, Ground Storage must be painted	true
True or False, Ground storage must be disinfected	true
Coatings that contact potable water must be approved by 1 of these	EPA NSF FDA
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
TCEQ definition of Elevated Storage	Water stored at least 80 feet above the highest service connection that provides the state minimum normal operating pressure of 35 psi
psi	Pounds per Square Inch
The states minimum normal operating pressure	35 psi
Elevated storage is usually made of	steel
Elevated storage is supported above ground on/by a	tower
The taller the water column is the more of this	weight and thus pressure
Each foot of heighth on elevated storage produces this psi	.433
Elevated storage is required for systems with	more than 2500 service connections
When elevated storage is required it must have this minimum capacity	100 gallons per connection
Elevated storage must meet the same general requirements as	ground storage
Definition of Standpipe Storage	A tank resting on the ground with a height greater than its diameter and a total height that is higher than 80 feet above the highest service connection
Storage that is less than 80 feet above the highest service connection	Ground Storage
Means of Protecting Storage Tanks from corrosion	Coatings; Cathodic protection; water conditioning; Galvanizing(but not for elevated tanks)
Galvanizing process	DC current travels through strips of aluminum or other metal suspended in the tank, then through the water. This electroplates the walls above the waterline
In a Galvanized storage tank walls that are above the waterline is or is not protected from corrosion	is not
Ownership Signs must be at	each production, storage and treatment site
Ownership signs must include	the utility name and an emergency phone number
Grounds and Landscaping must have	a program to facilitate cleanliness and to improve the appearance of plant sites
Grounds should be sloped	away from the tower or tank
The chain link fence around a site must be	flush to the ground (no gap between it and the ground)
If a tank is wholly or partially underground it cannot be near potential contaminants, including:	sewer lines, septic tank drain fields, animal lots areas that flood
These must be prevented from entering storage tanks	sunlight, dust, birds, insects, rain
After construction or maintenance tanks must be:	disinfected
This must be done after a storage tank is filled (after construction or maintenance)	a bacteriological sample is taken (sample for coliform)
The results of a bacteriological sample from a newly filled tank is in if it is positive what is done	more samples are taken until 2 consecutive samples are negative; if this cannot be done the disinfection must be repeated
The results of a bacteriological sample from a newly filled tank is in if it is negative what is done	the tank is put into service
Distribution systems are composed of	water mains; service lines; meters; valves; hydrants; pressure booster stations
Distribution systems must meet standards for	water quality; quantity of water; pressure; fire protection
Critical safeguards for distribution systems	chlorine residual; adequate pressure; bacteriological sampling; cross connection control
Pressure requirements are important because	adequate pressure prevents contaminated water from being drawn into the system
TCEQ pressure minimums for Distribution Systems	20 psi even in emergencies; 35 psi during normal operations
psi	Pounds per Square Inch
Distribution system components must meet these specifications	AWWA
Distribution system components should not affect	the taste, odor or quality of water
Pipe Material may be made of	Ductile iron; cast iron; steel; (AC)asbestos-cement; Concrete; PVC; copper
Asbestos-cement pipes in Texas	not allowed for new construction in potable water systems
PVC	polyvinyl chloride
PVC must be approve by and have	approved by the NSF and have an ASTM pressure rating of at least 150 psi or a standard dimension ratio of 26
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Material
Rules for reusing pipe	No pipe used for any purpose other than drinking water may be used in a potable supply
Pipe selection is based on	strength, carrying capacity, durability, ease of installation, availability, soil conditions, cost
Lead limit on pipe and fittings	8%
Lead limit on solders and flux	0.2%
Types of pipe joints may be	flanged, mechanical,push-on, welded, threaded, gasket material
Gasket material should be treated to	prevent bacterial growth
The most common type of isolating valve	gate valve
this type of valve is used to turn off sections of a system / main	Gate
Types of controlling valves	globe, diaphragm, rotary
controlling valves regulate	pressure, flow rate, direction
important uses for fire hydrants	fire fighting, flushing, bleeding air from mains
Problems that are commonly solved by flushing	taste, odor, red water, dirty water
water meters measure...	water flow into and out of treatment plants, into the distribution system; to customers
types of water meters	propeller; compound; magnetic; positive displacement meter;
Most common meter for residential use	positive displacement meter
This type of meter is very accurate at low flow	positive displacement meter
a positive displacement meter cannot over-register due to	external influence or internal wear
How a positive displacement meter works	Water flows through the meter chamber which cases a disk inside to wobble. The wobbling disk causes a spindle and magnet to rotate. The rotation of the magnet is transmitted through the wall of the meter to a second meter. That operates the register.
Mains must be this many feet away from sewers and manholes	9
Distances from mains are measured from	the outside of the pipe
parallel lines of water ansd sewer must be	laid in separate ditches
Coupon	the piece of pipe material cut from a main when a tap is made.
Trenches for a 6-inch or larger pipe must be	at least 18 inches wide; 12 inches wider than the pipe diameter
The depth that a main is buried depends on	frost lines; surface load; obstructions
In texas the rule for main depth is	30 to 60 inches below the ground; the top of the pipe must have at least 24 inches of cover
Corporation stop	the valve that connects the service line to the main. It is buried when the hole is backfilled.
A corporation stop operation	it cannot be operated from the ground's surface, because it is buried under ground
Curb Stop or Meter Stop	the valve that connects the service line to the meter
operation of a curb stop or meter stop valve	can be operated from the meter box
Cave-ins are likely when	the soil is wet; spoil banks are too close to the trench; traffic or machinery vibrations loosen the soil
shoring	using timber, plywood or commercial devices to support an excavation
inspect shoring when	daily
If subsidence or soil cracks occur in your shoring you need to	stop work; correct the problem
Maximum Allowable Slope	The degree of slope that overcomes collapsing pressure
The Maximum Allowable slope is determined by	soil conditions
shoring is not necessary if the walls are	sloped to the maximum allowable slope
angle of repose	another name for maximum allowable slope
Spoil banks must be this far from an excavation	at least 2 feet
These may be used instead of shoring or sloping	trench boxes
When using trench boxes workers must	stay inside of the box
Pipe must be bedded with	a minimum of 4 inches or 1/4 the pipe diameter of tamped sand or gravel
This is required whenever a water line changes direction	pipe bracing
Bends in lines must be braced or blocked against	internal thrust
How much thrust is there against a closed 6 inch valve at 60 psi	almost 1700 lbs (pounds)
As a pipe goes into the trench you need to swab it with	a hypochlorite solution
Never leave laid pipe with an	open end.
Close laid pipe with	a watertight plug
Items that must be disinfected before returning them to service	mains; service lines; meters; valves
Dosage for new mains	50mg/L or more of chlorine for at least 24 hours
Dosage required to return a line to service, quickly.	500mg/L for 30 minutes
To disinfect after making a water tap	add 1 teaspoon(t)of Sodium Hypochlorite at the TAP end and at the METER at the end marked "IN"
After disinfecting a line and before putting it into service you must	flush the line
Prior to putting line into service you must have	negative bacteriological samples; 1 for each 1000 feet of main
How often do dead end mains need to be flushed?	once a month
Flushing of dead end mains reduces	slime and scale build up; red water complaints
Flushing of dead end mains brings in	fresh chlorinated water
Flushing of dead end mains removes	chlorine-reducing materials
Pressure surges are caused by	rapid flow changes
Pressure surges can result in	severely damaged mains
Pressure surges can be caused by	closing a hydrant valve too fast
closing a hydrant valve (or any valve for that matter) causes a	water hammer
tuberculation	a buildup of oxidized iron, calcium carbonate or other chemicals in mains
scale	a build up of minerals on a surface; caused when water repeated comes in contact with the surface
Tuberculation cleaning methods	high-pressure water; pigs or swabs; chemicals
Corrosion	the dissolving of metal
Corrosion damages	pipes and water tanks
Corrosion effects on water quality	rust color; taste problems
Corrosion may cause water to contain	harmful amounts of lead, copper or other metals
Factors that make water more corrosive	low Ph; dissolved oxygen; dissolved salts; free chlorine; low hardness; high velocity; high temperature; low alkalinity; sulfate reducing bacteria
If the water is red but not corrosive the cause may be	iron bacteria
methods of controlling corrosion	pipe with protective linings or coatings in the inside; install anodes in storage tanks; eliminate different metals that cause galvanic corrosion; treat the water with chemicals
Galvanic corrosion occurs when	different metals such as copper and steel are connected
Galvanic corrosion can be prevented by	separating different types of metal with an dielectric (non-conducting)material
dielectric	does not conduct electricity; does not allow electricity to flow
When repairing a main, crews should be supplied with	tools; repair materials; maps of the distribution system; pipe location equipment; safety equipment; traffic control devices; first aid supplies
Equipment that should be stored at the Service Center	backhoes; pumps; air compressors
excavation practices for a leak	excavate below the pipe on both sides; dig one side deeper than the other; keep ditch water out of the line
Hot Repair	doing a repair without turning off the water/valves
Hot repairs are preferable because	it keeps the leak under pressure
Advantages of keeping a leak under pressure	no service interruption; reduced risk of contamination; reduces air in the main; ensures the repair holds under service
after completing the repair the clean-up process is important to	public relations
When cleaning up after an installation or repair you need to	REPLACE (paving, sidewalks & driveways); RESTORE (lawns, trees, shrubs); NEVER (promise residents what is not utility policy)
Cross Connection	A physical connection between a public water system and an unknown or questionable supply, a source that may contain contamination, water treated to a lesser degree.
Typical cross connections include	bottom connections to stock tanks; lawn-sprinkling systems; faulty pump installations; piping from a private well connected to a house with city water; pump priming
Valves or check valves are not safe between	potable and unknown water supplies
the preferred method of preventing a cross connection	air gap
the only method approved by the TCEQ for protection against cross connections with sewage	air gap
When does TCEQ allow backflow prevention devices	in certain situations; if properly located, maintained, & inspected
Organization that covers backflow device standards	AWWA
AWWA backflow prevention device standards cover devices such as	atmospheric vacuum breaker; double check valve assemblies; reduced pressure devices
Do these things when storms are expected	Alert personnel; check communications; fill gasoline tanks; check emergency equipment; fill storage tanks; isolate elevated storage; restock repair clams; restock calcium hypochlorite; review emergency procedures
The most common pump in the Water utility field	centrifugal pump
Volute	the casing that encloses the impeller on a centrifugal pump
Water is supplied to a centrifugal pump by	atmospheric pressure (suction lift) or Weight of the water (suction head)
type of pump used in water wells	Deep-well Turbine centrifugal pump
Pumps are lubricated with	water or oil
Before starting a water lubricated pump make sure	the water line is on
factors that impact centrifugal pump selection	amount of water to be pumped; Force (head) that the pump works against; type of material to be pumped; cost; availability; pump efficiency
Normal Pumping rate unit of measure	gallons per minute
Pumping rate unit of measure in very large pumps	million gallons per day
head	the force the pump works against
head units of measure	feet or psi
psi	pounds per square inch
static head	when there is no water flow or no pumping (the water is not moving through the pump)
Dynamic head	when there is water flow or pumping (the water is moving through the pump)
Suction Lift	The vertical distance that water is raised from a supply to the pump's centerline
Suction Head	The vertical distance that the water supply is above the pump's centerline
Discharge Head	The vertical distance between the water supply and the free discharge
Friction Head	The force needed to overcome resistance in pipe and fittings
Total Dynamic Head (equation)	Total Dynamic Head = Total Static Head - Friction Head
To maintain pump efficiency you should	check the pumps efficiency periodically by measuring the pumps performance against the manufacturer's specifications
As Head increases Pump capacity and efficiency	decreases
Pump efficiency is affected by:	high suction lift; worn impellers; clogged impellers; high discharge head
An attractive work environment results in	good employee morale
Pump rooms should be kept	clean
Pump room walls, floors and equipment should be	painted
When a pump is installed Gate Valves must be installed	on the pump's discharge and if there is a positive suction head on the pump suction
When a pump is installed A check valve is installed	in the discharge line
Purpose of a check valve	to prevent water from flowing backwards
When a pump is installed this type of valve is installed at its discharge and sometimes at its suction	Gate Valve
When a pump is installed this type of valve is installed at its discharge	Check Valve
Common pump problems	misalignment of pump and motor; foreign matter in the impeller; air leaks in the suction; the pump turning backward; water hammer
A pump turning backward can cause	unscrewing of the drive shaft coupling; damage to the pump or pump motor if the pump suddently starts
Name 3 things that can prevent a pump from turning backward	foot valve; check valve; ratchet
Cavitation occurs where in a pump	inside the pump volute or casing
Cavitation in a pump is caused by	insufficient pressure on the suction side of the pump
Cavitation creates a	vacuum
Cavitation causes this to form	water vapor bubbles
During pumping bubbles caused by cavitation do this	collapse and cause a mechanical chock
A mechanical chock caused by pump cavitation does this	chips metal away from the impeller or casing
Water Hammer is caused when	pressure surges (closing a hydrant or valve to fast, turning off a pump to fast)
Pump sanitation protects pumps from	contamination
Do not lay suction lines in	contaminated areas
maintain this on a pump whenever possible to prevent a vacuum from occurring	positive suction head
Most water pumps use this type of power	electric (electric motors)
The most common type of pump motor	squirrel cage induction
This type of pump motor is used when 100HP or more is required	Synchronous motor
This prevents a pump motor from overheating	ventilation
clean motors prevent	short circuits
the life/service of a pump can be increased by careful attention to	voltage; connections; bearings; motor ventilation; short cycling; overload prevention
Motor controls should be kept free of this	dust and corrosion
This protects operators from shock during pump operations or maintenance	insulating mats
Chlorine limit for water that is going on a watershed	.11 or less
Working in the water and wastewater field is	dangerous
Accidents can be avoided because they are	caused and do not just happen
9 out of 10 accidents are caused by	unsafe acts of the person injured or someone else
employees can avoid accidents with the right	attitude & training
Water department employees are exposed to these types of safety hazards	chemicals; high voltage; traffic; excavations; deep water; animal bites; confined spaces
Federal law that regulates workplace safety	OSHA
OSHA stands for	Occupational Safety and Health Act
OSHA regulates (makes rules for)	workplace safety
OSHA is a (federal, state) law?	federal
OSHA applies to these types of businesses	industrial, manufacturing, private businesses
Who is not required to follow OSHA regulations?	state entities, municipal entities, public schools, most federal employers
Entities that are not required to follow OSHA have this	a moral obligation to proved a safe workplace
Entities that are not required to follow OSHA may use	OSHA as guidelines for their safety program
The Texas State law that governs employers who are not bound to OSHA	Texas Hazard Communication Act
another name for the Texas Hazard Communication Act	the Right to Know Law
The Texas Hazard Communication Act defines the rules for	Texas employers who are not bound to OSHA
Examples of entities that are ruled by the Texas Hazard Communication Act	State, county, municipal
The Texas Hazard Communications Act requires employers to provide information about	Hazardous chemicals that are in the workplace
The key requirement of the Texas Hazard Communications Act	Employees must have access to MSDSs
MSDS	Material Safety Data Sheet
MSDSs contain	hazardous product information
MSDSs are supplied by	the manufacturer
MSDSs state/describe	product hazards; precautions
Who needs to be involved in safety programs	Everyone
Safety programs must start with	the top official
Safety programs must extend to	all employees
If everyone does not participate in a safety program, the program will	fail
Elements of a safety program	written policy; supportive administration; trained employees; safety inspections; accident review; record keeping
Where to get information about setting up a safety program	Texas Department of Health; Texas Municipal League; Libraries
Hazards that are especially dangerous to water utility operators	confined space entry; excavation and trenching; chemical handling; traffic
Definition of Confined Space Entry	A space that is large enough and so configured (designed) that an employee may enter and do work; it has limited or restricted means of entry or exit; it is not designed for continuous occupancy
Categories of Confined space hazards	Hazardous Atmospheres (bad air); engulfment; chemical; mechanical; electrical; biological; radiological
The number 1 cause of death in a confined space is	lack of oxygen
Combustible (explosive) gases	methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, oxygen
Gases that are toxic (poisonous) long before being combustible	hydrogen sulfide; carbon monoxide
Toxic gases are monitored with a	toxic sensor
When identifying gases do not rely on	sense of smell; sense of sight; cockroaches
When identifying gases use a	direct reading instrument
When identifying gases check 1st for	Oxygen content
When identifying gases check 2nd for	Combustibles
When identifying gases check 3rd for	toxins
optimum oxygen range	19.57 to 21.5
Employers are responsible for evaluating confined spaces. They must...	identify confined spaces then determine their hazards
After evaluation, confined spaces are designated as	a permit required space or a non-permit required space
When entering a permit required space personnel must	wear a harness and be attached to a retrieval line
if a potable ladder or stars are not used in an elevated space you must use an	anti-fall line
when a vertical entry of 5 feet or more is made the retrieval line must be	attached to a mechanical retrieval device
A mechanical retrieval device must be attached to the retrieval line when entering	a vertical entry of 5 feet or more
mechanical retrieval devices allow for	non-entry rescue
Confined space rescuers must be	trained in confined space rescue; available before an entry occurs; able to respond in an appropriate amount of time
Confined space rescuers do no have to be	on-site
For years, TX has more deaths due to this than any other state	cave-ins
OSHA requires cave-in protection for excavation of this depth	5 feet or more
Cave-in protection can be	shoring; shielding; sloping
When cave-ins occur they start from the	bottom of the hole
Shoring	uses timbers or hydraulic wedges and sheeting to prevent cave-ins
When shields or trench boxes are use workers must stay	within the shield or box
Shields and trench boxes do not	prevent a cave-in
Benching	A type of sloping done by cutting stair steps in the trench wall while maintaining the Maximum allowable slope
Sloping	Cuts trench walls to the angle that overcomes collapsing pressure
Another word for Maximum allowable slope	angle of repose
The maximum allowable slope is determined by	soil type
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Type C soil	34 degrees or 1 1/2 : 1 horizontal run to vertical rise
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Type B soil	45 degrees or 1:1 horizontal run to vertical rise
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Type A soil	34 degrees or 3/4:1 horizontal run to vertical rise
OSHA's maximum allowable slope for Stable Rock	90 degrees or 0 horizontal run to vertical rise
Trench exits are required for a depth of	4 feet or more
Trench exits can be	ramps or ladders
ladders used as a trench exit must	extend at least 3 feet above the top of the excavation; be secured; be within 25 feet laterally (side to side) of anyone in the excavation
Components of the Texas Hazard Communication Act	Written Program; Posted "Notice to Employees"; Personal Protection Equipment; Hazardous material training; MSDSs; Employee rights protection; State notification of chemical injuries
The official name of the Right to Know law	Texas Hazard Communication Act
Most work area accidents on streets and highways are caused by	improper warning signs or barricades
Traffic control must not do this to motorists	confuse them
Workers should be trained in traffic control from the	Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
The Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices is from the	Texas Department of Transportation in Austin
1 gallon = ? lbs (pounds)	8.34 pounds
1 cubic foot = ? gallons	7.48 gallons
1 psi = ? feet of water column	2.31 feet
1 foot of water column = ? psi	.433 psi
1 mile = ? feet	5280
1 day (24 hours) = ? minutes	1440
mgd	million gallons per day
gpd	gallons per day
gpm	gallons per minute
How much does a gallon of water weigh?	8.34 pounds
How many feet are in a cubic foot?	27
How many gallons are in a cubic foot?	7.48
How many feet are in a mile?	5280
How many feet of water column produce 1 psi?	2.31
How many minutes are in a day?	1440
What is the psi for 1 foot of water column?	.433
What is the formula for the area of a rectangle?	length * width
Define "Circumference"	distance around a circle
Define "Diameter"	the distance through the center of a circle
Define "Radius"	have the diameter of a circle
Area is usually expressed in	inches, feet, yards, or miles
formula for the area of a circle	"pi"R"squared" or 3.14radiusradius
formula for the volume of a rectangular box or cube	= length * width * depth
the result of a volume calculation is expressed in	cubic units
Formula for the volume of a cylinder	the area of the circle * the depth/height/length of the cylinder
The volume of an object in gallons	= volume in cubic feet * 7.48
The quick way to convert from gpd to mgd	move the decimal to the left 6 spaces
the quick way to convert from mgd to gpd	move the decimal to the right 6 spaces
how do you convert from gpm to mgd	convert gpm to gpd then convert gpd to mgd
how do you convert from mgd to gpm	convert mgd to gpd then convert gpd to gpm1440;
how do you convert from gpm to gpd	divide the gpm by 1440; gpm/1440
How do you convert form gpd to gpm	multiply the gpd by 1440/gpd*1440
volume is expressed AS	cubic units
area is expressed AS	squared units
A "community" water system is described as?	A public water system that has a potential to serve at least 15 service connections on a year round basis or serves at least 25 individuals on a year round basis.
A non-transient non-community water system (NTNCWS) is?	A public system that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons more than 6 months of the year.
NTNCWS	Non-transient Non-community Water System
The hydrologic cycle is?	The movement of water between the earth and atmosphere
A pH of 6.5 is	slightly acidic
A pH of 7.8 is	slightly Basic
What protects a will from collapses and surface contamination?	Casing and Cementing
water softening removes	calcium and magnesium
We soften water by	adding lime or by exchanging ions (an atom or group of atoms)
Water treatment processes may include:	aeration, screening, chemical oxidation, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection
How are suspended particles removed from the water during treatment?	Chemicals are mixed with the water in a rapid mix zone. The chemicals cause particles in the water to clot together or coagulate to form floc.
This disinfectant is weaker than free chlorine, but less reactive and longer lasting	Chloramine
chlorine leaks should be repaired in this amount of time	as soon as possible
the chlorine institute's recommendation when using ammonia to locate chlorine leaks	do no use household ammonia
Valves or check valves (are or are not) safe between a potable and unknown water supply	are not
The preferred method of preventing cross connections is	an air gap
The only method approved by the TCEQ for protection against a sewage cross connection is the:	Air Gap
To obtain a license, an individual must the requirements of the TCEQ...	Administration of Occupational Licenses and Registrations.
A Class D Water Operator License is valid for how long?	2 years
A Class C Water Operator License is valid for how long?	3 years
The most important responsibility of Water Utility personnel is to	Provide water that is safe for all purposes
A Class D water operator license/certificate is only valid for this type of system.	Ground water systems with less than 250 connections
This type of meter is normally used for low flows	Positive Displacement Meter
Pumping rates are usually expressed as:	GPM (gallons per minute)
Potable water is free of	disease causing organisms
When an MCL is exceeded what is required by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act?	public notification
When an MCL is exceeded public notification is required by	the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
public notification is required by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act when	an MCL is exceeded
Flocculation helps to	remove impurities in the water
The Safe Drinking Water Act does this	Sets MCLs for drinking water
Groundwater occurs below the earth's surface in water-bearing formations called:	aquifers
Sewers must be kept at least this far from a well	50 feet
Watershed	The area of runoff of a surface water source
A water system is required to have ground storage if	they have 50 or more connections
pressure tank storage	hydropneumatic tanks; cylindrical and horizontal to the ground; Air mechanically compressed against the water surface provides pressure
A water system without ground storage must have a pressure tank capacity of	50 gallons per connection
A water system with ground storage is allowed to have	a pressure tank capacity of 20 gallons per connection, or elevated storage.
The exterior and interior of ground, elevated, standpipe and pressure tanks must be inspected how often?	yearly
The exterior and interior of ground, elevated, standpipe and pressure tanks must be inspected by who?	water system personnel or a contracted service
storage tank inspections must be	documented
storage tank inspection documentation must be kept for how long?	at least 5 years
The exterior and interior coating of storage tanks must be inspected for	corrosion protection
The interior of storage tanks must meet these specifications	AWWA
Adequate water pressure in the system prevents this	contaminated water from being drawn into the system.
Lead limits for pipe and fittings	not more than 8% lead
Lead limits for solders and flux	not more than 0.2% lead
Water mains must be no closer than this, in all directions, from sewers and manholes.	9 feet
Distances from water mains are measured from	the outside surface of the pipe
Parallel water and sewer lines must be laid	in separate ditches
An important part of public relations is to	provide courteous treatment to customers
The process of nature recycling water is called	the hydrological cycle
The Parts of the hydrologic cycle	Transpiration; precipitation; evaporation; infiltration (percolation); condensation
The presence of these in a system should cause concern	indicator organisms
Boat Ramps, Marinas, Docks, Fishing Piers must be this distance away from a water plant intake	1000 feet
All activities within this distance of a Plant intake are limited	200 ft.
Plant intakes must have	Screens & Grates to minimize the amount of debris entering the plant
fluoridation	The process of adding fluoride to water to help prevent cavities
Sodium aluminate - purpose	coagulant
Aluminum sulfate (alum)- purpose	coagulant
Ferrous sulfate - purpose	coagulant
Ferric Chloride - purpose	coagulant
Calcium hydroxide (lime) - purpose	pH adjustment, softening, aid to coagulation
Sodium carbonate (soda ash) - purpose	softening, removal of heavy metals, aid to coagulation, pH and alkalinity adjustment
Polyphosphates (calgon)- purpose	Stabilization, prevents red water
Copper sulfate (blue stone)- purpose	algae control
Polyelectrolytes - purpose	Aid to coagulation
Activated carbon - purpose	removal of tastes, odor, organics
Fluorosilic acid, Sodium silicofluoride, sodium fluoride - purpose	Fluoride addition, prevents tooth decay
Public water systems are either	"Community" or "Non-community" water systems
A water line ditch should be this wide	12 inches wider than the pipe
When we take a bacteriological sample we are primarily sampling for	coliform
Name 3 parts of a cylinder apparatus	inlet valve; rotameter; ejector
square feet is used to describe this type of geometric calculation	area
feet square is used to describe this geometric function	perimeter
this type is meter is usually used in low flow situations	positive displacement meter
pumping rates are usually expressed as	gpm
Always put on a self-contained breathing apparatus before	entering a room with a known chlorine leak
Class 100 pipe	pipe that is pressure rated up to 100 psi
What is done if a sample has coliform in it?	3 repeat samples are taken
general formula for Detention Time	= capacity in gallons / flow rate
Detention Time in Days =	capacity in gallons / flow rate gpd
Detention time in Hours =	capacity in gallons / flow rate gph
Detention time in Minutes =	capacity in gallons / flow rate in gpm
lbs hypochlorite =	lbs pure CL2(chlorine) / decimal percentage hypochlorite
lbs/day =	mgd * 8.34 * mg/L
mg/L =	lbs/day / (mgd*8.34)
Dosage =	Demand + Residual
Demand =	Dosage - Residual
Residual =	Dosage - Demand
Pumping level =	Static level + Drawdown
Static Level =	Pumping Level - Drawdown Level
How do you convert from gpd to gph	gpd / 24
How do you convert from gph to gpd	gph * 24
How do you convert from gpm to gph	gpm * 60
How do you convert from gph to gpm	gph / 60
gph	gallons per hour
how do you convert from inches to feet	inches/12
how do you convert from feet to inches	feet * 12
How do you convert from square inches to square feet	in(2) = in(2)/12(2)
How do you convert from square feet to square inches	ft(2) = ft(2)* 12(2)
How do you convert from feet to yards	feet/3
How do you convert from yards to feet	feet*3
How do you convert from feet to miles	feet/5280
How do to convert from miles to feet	miles*5280
How do you calculate 5 to the 3rd power on a calculator	555
You know: cubic feet; you want to know: how many gallons are in it; What equation do you use?	Number of gallons = cubic feet * 7.48
You know: the number of gallons; You want to know: the weight of the water; What equation do you use?	Weight(lbs) = gallons * 8.34
How do you convert cubic feet to cubic yards?	yd(3) = ft(3)/27
How do you convert cubic yards to cubic feet?	ft(3) = yd(3) * 27
You know: feet above ground(height); You want to know: psi; What is the calculation?	psi = height * .433
You know: psi; You want to know: height; What is the calculation?	height(ft) = pressure(psi) * 2.31
How do you convert from gpm to gpd	gpm * 1440
How do you convert from gpd to gpm	dgp/1440
The abbreviation for pound	lbs
How do you convert % to decimal	%/100; or shift the decimal point 2 places to the left
How do you convert decimal to %	% * 100; or shift the decimal point 2 places to the right
How do you calculate a percentage of some known amount (How Much)?; for example 10% of 200mg/l	How much = known amount * (%/100)
How do you calculate the amount left after a percentage of the original amount is removed (Amount left)? For example: "10% of 30lbs is used, how much is left?"	Amount left = starting amount - (starting amount * (%/100); or Amount left = starting amount - How Much
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules what NTU must be	<= 0.3 NTU in at least 95% of measurements taken each month; No sample can exceed 1 NTU;
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules systems serving less than 500 persons my reduce turbidity sampling to?	once per day
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules what percent of Giardia cysts must be inactivated or removed?	at least 99.9%
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rules what percent of viruses must be inactivated or removed?	at least 99.99%
Primary parts of a fire hydrant	shoe, main valve, traffic coupling, barrel, bonnet or cap, operating nut, pumper nozzle; weep holes
Volume of a cylinder (tower, anything long and with a circular end)	volume = Area of the circle (end) * Length(height,depth...); volume = (pir(2)) heighth
volume of a square or rectangle	volume = length * width * height;
area of a circle	area = pi*r(2)
Area of a rectangle	area = Length * width * height
In small water systems the operator is often (3 job titles, and 2 characteristics)	a meter reader, the repair crew, the pump operator, the highest paid employee, a college graduate.
What is the acceptable Oxygen Range for confined spaces?	19 to 22
When planning a collection system you must consider what the population will be _____ years into the future.	20 to 25
When planning a collection system you must consider capacity needed ________ years into the future.	50
Purpose of a sewer use ordinance	to protect the system from injurious industrial wastes.
wastewater is moved through the collection system by using....	gravity and lift stations
minimum flow velocity required to keep transported solids in suspension	2 feet per second (FPS)
Flow velocity is effected by	grade, gpm, pip material (c-factor), Pipe diameter
Define c-factor	a pipe's coefficient of roughness or rating for interior wall smoothness; (how smooth the interior of the pipe is)
The smallest diameter pipe allowed for a city main	6 inches
Primary components of a collection system	sewer pipe, cleanouts, grease traps, sand traps, vent pipes, siphons, manholes, lift stations
who is responsible for installing a house service line?	the property owner
define service line	starts at the property and extends to the property line where it joins a lateral
define later line	belongs to the city and is tapped into a submain or main
define outfall sewer	the line that carries the sewage to treatment
where are cleanouts installed	where there may be a stoppage such as between the house line and the city lateral
how is a cleanout designed to be used	by inserting a cleaning tool
a cleanout is not designed for	personnel entry
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) can be removed by	filtration
Where should grease traps should be installed and inspected	kitchens, garages and restaurants...
Where should sand traps be installed and inspects	car washes and other places where sand is likely to enter the sewer
purpose of vent pipes	to improve gravity flow and dissipate gases in sewer lines.
purpose of inverted siphons	used where the sewer must cross under an obstruction (below the hydraulic gradient); stream, highway, railroad tracks...
the minimum size and grade of a gravity flow sewer line on city right-of-way	6 inches and 0.50 percent
When planning construction to the following:	guard excavations with barricades and warning signs; notify public of any traffic disruptions;

Created by: tbuckerfield

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