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Physics Exam
chapter 1, 25, 26, 27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| simple harmonic motion | the back-and-forth vibratory motion (often called oscillatory motion) of a swinging pendulum |
| sine curve | a pictorial representation of a wave |
| What is the source of all the waves? | Something that vibrates |
| crests | the high points on a wave |
| troughs | low points on a wave |
| amplitude | refers to the distance between successive identical parts of a wave |
| What is physics about? | Physics is about the nature of basic things such as motion, forces, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, and the composition of atoms |
| Why is the mathematics the languages of science? | When scientific findings in nature are expressed mathematically, they are easier to verify or disprove by experiment |
| What is the scientific method and who invented it? | They are effective in gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge. Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist and Frances Bacon, English philosopher |
| What are the first four steps of a scientific method? (that they generally include some, if not all) | 1. Recognize a problem 2. Make an educated guess-a hypothesis- about the answer 3. Predict the experiment 4. Perform experiments to test predictions |
| What is the fifth step? | 5. Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the main ingredients: hypothesis, prediction, and experimental outcome |
| fact | a close agreement by competent observers who make a series of observations of the same phenomenon |
| hypothesis | an educated guess that is not fully accepted until demonstrated by experiments |
| laws, principles | hypotheses about the relationship among natural quantities are tested over and over again and not contradicted |
| When must a hypothesis, law, or principle be changed or abandoned? | A scientist finds evidence that contradicts a hypothesis, law, or principle, then the hypothesis, law, or principle must be changed or abandoned |
| theory | a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses a well-tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world |
| How do you know if a hypothesis is scientific? | Look to see if there is a test for proving it wrong |
| What is the difference between science and technology? | Science is a method of answering theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems |
| How are science, art, and religion different? | Science is mostly concerned with discovering and recording natural phenomena, the arts are concerned with the value of human interactions as they pertain to the senses, and religion is concerned with the source, purpose, and meaning of everything |
| How does progress today differ from progress thousands of years ago? | It is much quicker |
| wavelength | the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next one |
| frequency | the number of vibrations an object makes in a unit of time |
| hertz | Unit of frequency: one cycler per second is 1 hertz |
| How does wave transfer energy? | The energy transferred by a wave from a vibrating source to a receiver is carried by a disturbance in a medium |
| How do you calculate the speed of a wave? | By multiplying the wavelength by the frequency |
| transverse wave | A wave that has the motion of the medium at right angles to the direction a wave travels |
| What are some examples of transverse waves? | Waves in the stretched strings of musical instruments and the electromagnetic waves that make up radio waves and light |
| longitudinal wave | a wave that has the particles oscillate parallel to or a long the direction of the wave rather than at right angles to it |
| What is an example of a longitudinal wave? | Sound waves |
| interference pattern | a regular arrangement of places where wave effects are increased, decreased or neutralized |
| What causes interference patterns? | When waves from different sources arrive at the same point at the same time |
| constructive interference | the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another and their individual effects add together, increases amplitude |
| destructive interference | the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another and their individual effects are reduced |
| out of phase | the crests of one wave overlap the troughs of another to produce regions of zero amplitude |
| in phase | the crests of one wave overlap the crests of the other, and the troughs overlap as well |
| standing wave | is a wave that appears to stay in one place- it does not seem to move through the medium |
| nodes | the stationary points on a standing |
| At what wavelengths can a standing wave from a vibrating medium? | A standing wave forms only if half a wavelength or a multiple of a half a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the vibrating medium |
| bow wave | crests that overlap at the edges, and the pattern made by these overlapping crests is a V shape |
| What causes a bow wave? | A wave source moves faster than the wave it produces |
| shock wave | a three-dimensional wave that consists of overlapping sphere that form a cone |
| What causes a shock wave? | When an object moves faster than the speed of sound |
| sonic boom | the sharp crack heard when the shock wave that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches the listeners |
| What is the source of all sound? | the vibrations of material objects |
| pitch | term that refers to how or low frequencies appear to be |
| infrasonic | sound waves with frequencies below 20 hertz |
| ultrasonic | frequencies about 20,000 hertz |
| compression | pulse of compressed air |
| rarefaction | pulse of low pressure |
| How does a sound wave travel through air? | As a source sound vibrates, a series of compressions and rarefactions travels outward from the source |
| What media transmit sounds? | Solids, liquids, and gases |
| What determines the speed of sound in a medium? | 1. The temperature of the gas and the mass of the particles in the gas. 2. The speed of sound in a material's elasticity |
| What is the difference between sound intensity and loudness? | Sound intensity is objective and is measured by instruments. Loudness, on the other hand, is a physiological sensation in the brain |
| What happens when an elastic method is disturbed? | It vibrates as its own special set of frequencies, which together form its special sound |
| natural frequency | the frequency at which an object vibrates when it is disturbed |
| forced vibration | when a object is made to vibrate by another vibrating object that is nearby |
| Why are sounding boards an important part of stringed instruments? | They are forced into vibration and sound |
| resonance | a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a vibration forced an object matches the object's natural frequency and a dramatic increase in an amplitude occurs |
| What causes resonance? | A force that pulls it back to its starting position and enough energy to keep it vibrating |
| What is the effect of constructive interference? | The listener hears a louder sound |
| What is the effect of destructive interference? | The listener hears a fainter sound or no sound at all |
| What causes beats? | When two tones of slightly different frequency are sounded together, a regular fluctuation in the loudness of the combined sounds is heard |
| beats | period variation in the loudness of sound |
| What is the nature of light? | Light has a dual nature, part particle and part wave |
| photons | massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy |
| What was Michelson's experimental value for the speed of light? | 299,920km/s which is usually rounded to 300,000 km/s |
| ray | a thin beam of light |
| shadow | where light cannot reach |
| umbra | a total shadow |
| penumbra | a partial shadow |
| What causes the formation of shadows? | When light shines on a object, some of the rays may be stopped while others pass on in a straight-line path |
| polarization | the aligning of vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions |
| Why is a glare from a horizontal surface horizontally polarized? | Light that reflects at glancing angles from nonmetallic surfaces, such as glass, water, or roads, vibrates mainly in the plane of the reflecting surface |
| How can you see photographs or movies in 3-D? | A pair of photographs or movie frames, taken a short distance apart (about average eye spacing) can be seen in 3-D when the left eye sees only the left view and the right eye sees only the right view |
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