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Comparative anatomy
Circulatory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is transported? | oxygen,co2,nutrients,water,hormones,nitrogen waste,WBC,platelets,RBCw/hemoglobin,proteins,dissolved ions,antibodies,heat(thermoregulation) |
| Path of general circulation | heart,arteries,arterioles,capillary bed in organ,venlues,veins |
| Path of general hepatic portal system | heart,arteries,arterioles,capillary bed in intestine,portal vein,capillary bed in liver,venlues,veins |
| Lymphatic vessels | like veins but dump lymphnodes into heart. |
| Fish heart | 4 undivided chambers,primitive-single circuit pump-gills. linear arrangement,contract from caudal to cranial.single stream of blood(lowO2).heart mass/body mass ratio low b/c if heart were too big would blow capillaries out. |
| Path of blood in fish | sinus venosis(thin walled),atrium(thin walled),ventricle(thick walled),cornus arterious(thick walled) |
| Sinus venosus | thin wall, recieves blood from common cardinal veins, hepatic veins |
| atrium | large and thin walled |
| ventricle | thick wall,responsible for pumping. |
| corus arteriosus | short in bony fish and amphibians.continuous with ventral aorta(right under chin and tongue in shark) |
| Tetrapod lungs | double circulation, low pressure pulmonary circuit(R)(lungs are right there),high pressure systemic circuit(L)(have to go further).Some chambers are partitioned |
| Transitional hearts | atrium division in lung fish and salamanders(partial),frogs(complete).Ventricle division in lung fish(partial),all amphibians(no division) but have trabeculae that help guide blood.conus division in lung fish and amphibians are partial(spiral valve) |
| Shunting | sends blood where you need it and close off areas where you dont need it. regulate where blood goes. |
| Reptile heart | artrium is completely divided,ventricle is partial in many,extra chamber in many,fully divided in crocs.Conus has 3channels.pulmonary,left systemic and right systemic that join to form single dorsal aorta. |
| crocodilian heart | in air-right ventricle pumps to pulmonary,left ventricle pumps to both R+L aortic arches,using Foramen of Panizza to connect them.Diving-Rventricle shunts blood to body,L ventricle is normal. |
| Bird and mammal heart | 4 chambers,2 artia and 2 ventricles;complete division.Lventricle especially muscular.conus-pulmonary systemic circuit,mammals single L systemic arch,Birds single R systemic arch. |
| Path of a single drop of blood in mammals | cranial/caudal vena cava,R atrium,Tricuspid,Rventricle,Pulmonary trunk,Pulm.artery,Pulm.Veins,L.artium,bicuspid,L.ventricle,aorta w/R arch. |
| Blood vessels | closed system-blood always in vessels.capillaries-some plasma leakes.lymph vessels collect leaked fluid.return it to venous system into subclavian veins.elephantiosis-lymphatic filariosis,nematode worms block lymph system |
| Circulatory system characteristics | variable in anatomy,flexability(transplant a vein,it will act like an artery,tie off part,other parts enlarge,five fold variation in flow rate,shunting) |
| Types of vessels | capillaries,arteries,veins |
| capillaries | Tunica intima(all blood vessels have) this is where loose epithelial cells that are one cell thick.Site of material exchange |
| arteries | thick wall. small bore(part blood flows through).consists of tunica intima,Tunica media(smooth muscle+elastic,inner layer).Tunica adventitia(thick connective tissue,outer most layer) |
| veins | thin wall,large bore.same as artery, only much thinner, no elastic.valves to prevent back flow b/c no smooth muscle.holds more blood than arteries. |
| Patterns of Circulation | consists of the arterial system |
| arterial system | 6 aortic arches(different from pharyngeal arches). in embryo;differentiate into head arteries. arches 6,4,3 are important in terms of transitions |
| aortic arches of cartilage fish | 1st arch lost,rest branchial(afferent/efferent). |
| aortic arches of bony fish | 1st and 2nd arches lost.rest branchial |
| aortic arches of lung fish | like bony fish,pulmonary artery from arch 6. |
| aortic arches of tetrapods | 1st and 2nd lost,dorsal segment dropped between 3rd and 4th arches.arch 3 now carotid complex.3rd arch extends to Internal carotid with carotic arch.ventral aorta extension is now external carotid.common carotic at base between 3rd and 4th. |
| 4th aortic arch in tetrapods | systemic(aortic arch).amphibians,reptials both R+L. Birds only R.mammals only L. |
| 5th and 6th aortic arch in tetrapods | 5th arch is lost.6th is pulmonary. |
| Arterial system consists of what? | dorsal aorta,ventral branches,lateral branches,dorsal branches,posterior appendages,anterior appendages. |
| dorsal aorta | large median vessel |
| ventral braches | celiac artery(stomach).mesenteric arteries |
| lateral branches | renal,ovarian,testicular |
| dorsal branches | to muscles,skin |
| posterior appendages | iliac arteries |
| anterior arteries | subclavian arteries |
| What are the three Venous systems? | subintestinal,cardinal,lateral abdominal |
| subintestinal | hepatic portal vein in adult drains digestive organs, goes to liver |
| cardinal | drains head, body wall,kidneys(renal portal in many not mammals. |
| Lateral abdominal | drains posterior limbs, body wall. |
| Portal system circulation | starts in either the sm.Intestine,spleen,stomach. goes to the hepatic portal,goes to liver,and then hepatic veins. |
| Portal system | Veins drain organ and dump blood into other organ instead of heart. |
| Hepatic portal system | specialized.from embryonic subintestinal.drains capillary beds of intestine,stomach,spleen to liver.no need to go to heart first.increase nutrients, decrease O2 |
| cardinal system parts | Primitive,drains head,tail. subsystem:renal portal |
| Primitive, drains head,tail consists of what? | anterior and posterior cardinal veins |
| Subsystem:renal portal consists of what? | routes venous blood through kidneys,not in mammals. |
| Subsystem path in fish | tail capillaries...renal portal(kidneys)...post cardinal |
| Subsystem path in tetrapods | tail capillaries...renal portal(kidneys)...post cava |
| Modifications to Basic Cardinal venous system | mammals lose renal portal.pre-cava from right common cardinal,internal jugular from anterior cardinal veins,posterior vena cava from parts of posterior cardinals and parts of renal portal,azygous vein from Rt posterior cardinal. |
| Lateral Abdominal system | drains posterior limb and body wall |
| Fetal Circulation consists of what? | Foramen Ovale,Ductus arteriosus,umbilical arteries,umbilical vein,ductus venosus. From the right atrium blood goes directly into the left atrium via the Foramen ovale. |
| Foramen Ovale | opening between atria(to avoid lungs because they are not developed yet). |
| Ductus arteriosus | connect pulmonary to aorta(by pass lungs) |
| umbilical arteries | x2.branch from iliac.out to placenta with waste |
| umbilical veins | single.nutrient and O2 rich.brings oxygen and blood back to fetus. |
| Ductus venosus | found in the liver |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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