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PHAR 412
Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If Q >> Keq, delta G will be negative, positive, or equal to 0? | If Q is greater than Keq, Keq will be less than 1 and delta G will be positive (endergonic). |
| "Oxidative phosphorylation" refers to: | The synthesis of ATP using an electrochemical gradient. |
| Which provides more ATP from cytosolic NADH? The malate-aspartate shuttle or the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle? | Malate-aspartate shuttle |
| Which transfers electrons from cytosolic NADH to make FADH2? The malate-aspartate shuttle or the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle? | Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle |
| How many ATP are FADH2 from the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle worth? | 1.5 ATP |
| Synthesis of glutamate and glutamine from a-ketoglutarate is what kind of reaction? | Anabolic |
| Which intermediate of the TCA cycle undergoes an anabolic reaction producing porphyrins? | Succinyl-CoA |
| Which intermediate of the TCA cycle undergoes an anaplerotic reaction degrading phenylalanine and tyrosine? | Fumarate |
| Protein degradation of glutamate and glutamine from a-ketoglutarate is what kind of reaction? | Anaplerotic |
| What anabolic reactions does Citrate have? | Synthesis of fatty acyl coenzyme A and steroid hormones/cholesterol. |
| The pyruvate ---> oxaloacetate is what kind of reaction? | Anaplerotic |
| Which amino acids can be synthesized or degraded in anabolic or anapldrotic reactions? | Aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine |
| Protein degradation of aspartate and asparagine happens from what TCA intermediate? | Oxaloacetate |
| The oxaloacetate ---> PEP is what kind of reaction? | Anabolic |
| Protein degradation of valine, isoleucine, and leucine from succinyl-CoA is what kind of reaction? | Anaplerotic |
| What is the pathway to glucose from 2 lactate molecules and what is the net total of NADH? | lactate ---> pyruvate ---> OAA ---> PEP ---> glucose; 0 NADH |
| Where is glycogen's, galactose's, and ribose-5P's branch point in glycolysis? | Glucose-6P |
| Of glucose, fructose, or galactose, which results in the highest net ATP production in glycolysis? | All the same: 5-7 ATP |
| To what molecule are fatty acyl coenzyme A molecules attached to create triglycerides? | Glycerol-3P |
| How many ATP and NADH are made from gluconeogenesis of glycerol? | -2 ATP, +2 NADH |
| How many ATP and NADH are made from gluconeogenesis of lactate? | -6 ATP, 0 NADH |
| How many ATP and NADH are made from gluconeogensis of alanine? | -6 ATP, -2 NADH |
| Which TCA cycle steps are activated in muscle by Ca and inhibited by ATP? | Isocitrate ---> a-ketoglutarate; a-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl-CoA |
| Which TCA cycle enzymes are inhibited by their products? | a-ketoglutarate and isocitrate dehydrogenase are both inhibited by NADH. |
| Which enzyme is inhibited by glucose-6P? | Hexokinase |
| What glycolysis regulators are unique to muscle cells? | Glucose-6P |
| What glycolysis regulators are unique to liver cells? | Glucokinase, PK phosphorylation, alanine, glucagon, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
| What enzyme does alanine inhibit in liver cells? | Pyruvate kinase |
| What effect does high glucagon have on cAMP levels? | Increases cAMP levels |
| What effect does increased PKA activity have on fructose-2,6-bisphosphate? | Decreases F-2,6BP levels |
| Lactate from RBC's can be exported to the liver and reconverted by gluconeogenesis to glucose. This glucose can then be re-used by the RBCs. This is called: | The Cori cycle |
| What are the names of the two enzymes of ethanol metabolism? | Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase |
| What are the two products of each of these enzyme reactions? | Acetylaldehyde and acetic acid |
| What is the product of the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction in ethanol metabolism? | Acetaldehyde + NADH |
| What is the product of the aldehyde dehydrogenase reaction in ethanol metabolism? | Acetic acid + NADH |
| What is the name of the cofactor and enzyme associated with arsenite poisoning? | Dihydrolipoamide; PDC |
| What is the name of the cofactor and enzyme associated with beriberi? | TPP; PDC |
| Which branch of the pentose phosphate pathway makes CO2? | Oxidative |
| Name the regulated enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and the molecule that regulates it. | Glucose-6P dehydrogenase is regulated by NADPH. |
| What are five functions performed by NADPH? | (1) Fatty acid synthesis, (2) steroid synthesis, (3) sugar alcohol synthesis, (4) xenobiotic hepatic transformation, (5) reduction of oxidized glutathione. |
| What is an adverse effect of glucose-6P dehydrogenase deficiency? | Decreased NADPH = decreased GSH = damaged or dead cells from peroxides |
| What is the cofactor for pantothenic acid? | Coenzyme A |
| What additional mineral is required by the TCA cycle in comparison to the PDC? | Magnesium |
| What vitamins and minerals are required by the ETC and OXPHOS? | Riboflavin, niacin, iron, copper, magnesium |
| What additional vitamin or mineral is required by gluconeogenesis in comparison to glycolysis? | Biotin |
| What is the name of the enzyme that requires Biotin? | Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate ---> OAA) |
| What reactions in glycolysis require magnesium? | Glucose ---> glucose-6P; fructose-6P ---> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
| Compare the amount of energy derived from triacylglycerol, carbohydrate, and protein. | TAG > protein > carbohydrate |
| Describe the roles of cholecystokinin. | It is released in response to lipids and digested proteins in gut. It stimulates the release of bile from the pancreas and decreases gastric motility. |
| Describe the role of secretin. | It is released in response to decreased pH and digested proteins in gut. It stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas. |
| What is bile composed of? | Amphipathic molecules that emulsify dietary fats (bile acids, phosphatidylcholine, free cholesterol). |
| What are the regulators for cholesterol 7-a-hydroxylase? | Cholesterol is a positive regulator and cholic acid is a negative regulator. |
| What enzyme does Alli inhibit? | Pancreatic lipase (inhibits lipid digestion) |
| Describe the metabolism of chylomicrons. | A chylomicron is secreted from an enterocyte, apoCII and aloe from HDL bind to it and make it mature, LPL degrades TAG in mature chylomicron, chylomicron remnants endocytoseed by liver. |
| Explain why glycerol is not used in triacylglycerol synthesis in adipose tissue. | I believe this is because glycerol kinase is not present in adipose tissue. Glycerol ---> glycerol-3P cannot occur. |
| What factors can affect lipolysis? | Glucagon, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). |
| What factors can affect esterification? | Insulin, glucose, fatty acid synthesis, lipoprotein lipase. |
| What is the role of CPT-I and CPT-II? | Fatty acid ---> fatty acyl-CoA enters mitochondria outer membrane through CPT-I complex and becomes acyl carnitine. Acyl carnitine goes through a carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase into matrix and is reformed to a fatty acyl-CoA by CPT-II. |
| What is the enzyme needed for the beginning reaction of B-oxidation for a fatty acid? | Fatty Acyl-CoA synthetase |
| Write a balanced equation for the B-oxidation of stearoyl-CoA. | Steroyl-Coa + 8 CoA + 8 FAD + 8 NAD+ + 8 H20 --- "8 cycles" ---> 9 Acetyl-CoA + 8 FADH2 + 8 NADH + 8 H+ |
| What are the four steps of B-oxidation? | (1) Dehydrogenation, (2) hydration, (3) dehydrogenation, (4) thiolase splits off acetyl-CoA. |
| Can the oxidation of an odd chain fatty acid contribute to gluconeogenesis? | Yes, a remaining propionyl-Coa can undergo reactions to become succinyl-CoA. |
| What is an important regulatory point in mitochondrial B-oxidation of fatty acids? | An increase of fatty acid synthesis will inhibit CPT-II (acyl-CoA reformation). This is important in order avoid a futile cycle. |
| Arachidonic acid is required for synthesis of: | Eicosanoids |
| Lacking lipids from diet can result in a decrease of: | Essential lipids |
| Is triacylglycerol found in micelles? | No |
| What cofactor is used in the formation of B-hydroxybutyrate? | NADH |
| How does glucagon cause ketogenesis? | It stimulates B-oxidation of fatty acids, which increases acetyl-CoA and enters TCA cycle. Excess is used for ketogenesis. |
| Describe how B-hydroxybutyrate formed in the liver can be used for energy production in extra hepatic tissues. | B-hydroxybutyrate leaves the liver and goes to muscle where it is converted to acetyl-CoA which can enter TCA cycle. |
| What complex does malonyl-CoA inhibit? | CPT-I |
| Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of palmitic acid. | Acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADP(H) + 14 H+ ---> palmitic acid + 7 CO2 + 8 CoA + 14 NADP+ + 6 H20 |
| What are the four steps of fatty acid synthesis? | (1) Condensation, (2) reduction, (3) dehydration, (4) reduction. |
| Describe the role of phsphatidic acid in triacylglycerol synthesis. | Phosphatidic acid is the precursor for glycerophospholipids. |
| What are the four stages in the pathway from acetyl-CoA to cholesterol? | (1) Condensation, (2) conversion, (3) polymerization, (4) cyclization. |
Created by:
sdeck86
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