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Week6State&Race
Rise of cities and states and concept of race
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Early state characteristics | Complex societies with centralized political system and many but not all of these: cities, food surpluses, specialized division of labor, social stratification, trade networks, writing, monumental architecture |
| First cities and states emerged here 5500 years ago | Mesopotamia (Iraq) |
| "New World" early states | These states in Americas and formed later than those in Eastern Hemisphere. Examples include Moche and Inca in Andes of South America, Teotihuacan, Aztec, and Maya in Central America, Anasazi (Chaco) and Mississippian culture (Cahokia) in North America |
| anthropogenic | caused by humans |
| "Old World" early states | Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria), Egypt, Indus Valley, North China (Shang), Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa |
| social stratification | Some people enjoy a higher status in the society than others. A characteristic of early states |
| division of labor | People have different "jobs." In early states not everyone must engage in food production and thus some become craft specialists, others priests, and so on. |
| civilization | Comes from the Latin words referring to living in cities. In anthropology: complex societies with cities, social stratification, labor division, trade, monumental architecture, writing, and esp. political system called a state. |
| "birthplaces of civilization" | cities |
| Jared Diamond's 5 factors in collapse of societies | 1. people unintentionally destroying resource base 2. climate change 3. trade relations fell apart 4. hostile neighbors 5. failed to adapt its practices to address the environmental issues |
| cultural relativity | Understand other cultures within their context and not through lens of your culture as a comparison |
| ethnicity | cultural differences among populations usually based on attributes such as language, religion, lifestyle, and cultural ideas about common descent from a specific territory. |
| race | From Latin ratio referring to species. Biologist refers to anatomical traits that distinguish one race (subspecies) from another. Traditional definition for humans: groups of people distinguished on basis of heritable, physical characteristics. |
| "race" to anthropologists | Not a biological term but a social construct with little basis in biology because any human heterogeneity (differences) in appearance overwhelmed by homogeneity in human genome |
| racialism | categorizing people on bases of age, gender, physical characteristics, heritage |
| racism | categorizing people as racialist does but for purpose of ranking people and then denying rights to those regarded as of a lower rank. Universal not limited to one population. |
| History of use of "race" (ethnic identity) in US | Used as ideology to justify systems such as slavery. Until late 20th century numerous examples of restricting legal rights to certain groups such as American Indians, African Americans, Asian Americans and so on. |
| US census form on race | 2010 form separate Hispanic/Latino/Spanish ethnicity question from race where 14 "races" and a final "Some Other Race" choice. Multiple boxes may be checked. |
| Examples of racial classifications from non-US societies=South Africa | Under apartheid system in place until 1990s: 4 rigid "races" used to deny all but European access to rights. |
| AAA statement on race | Traditional racial groups exhibit more variation within than between them and thus argues against the usefulness as a biological concept. 94% of physical variation WITHIN racial groups. Thus only 6% of genes differ between groups. |
| Greatest variation in modern humans | Africa because modern humans first emerged here |
| skin color | adaptation to exposure to ultraviolet radiation and geography |
| race and biological/physical anthropologists | According to George Gill, just over half find human races biologically valid and real |
| cline | gradient of change (in Gill reading) |
| Gill's fear about denying race concept | That will lead to denial of racism's persistence |
| sickle cell disease | Adaptation found in different parts of world that improves survival from malaria |
| Brace's view of race concept | Without biological basis - a social construct created in the United States by a dominant culture to justify inequalities based on perceived "races." |
Created by:
suvetter
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