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Review (2)
Astronomy review revised
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. It is thought that the first person to say that the Earth is spherical was: | Pythagorus |
| Ptolemy’s system of epicycles was chiefly used to explain: | The retrograde of some planets |
| 3. What can stellar parallax be used to measure? | Distance |
| 4. Why does the moon have phases? | The amount of the sunlit side of the Moon that we can see from Earth changes over a month. |
| Do other objects in the solar system have phases? | Yes, as long as they can be seen between us and the sun |
| What causes a lunar eclipse? | The Earth casting a shadow on the moon |
| Why do we always see the same face of the moon | The moon rotates once about its axis as it orbits the earth. This is called a synchronous orbit. |
| Suppose you lived on the Moon near the center of the side that always faces Earth. Which of the following would you NOT see? | The Earth Rising and setting |
| What is at the center of the Universe? | The universe doesn’t have a center |
| Galileo discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter. Why was this discovery important? | It showed that the Earth is not the only center of orbital motion in the solar system |
| What is the shape of the orbits of the planets? | Elliptical |
| Suppose you swing a ball on a string around your head. What would happen if you let go of the string, and why? | According to Newton’s first law of motion, the ball would fly off in a straight line. |
| A scientific model… | Uses math and logic to describe and predict the behavior of real-world system. |
| Your professor proposes the hypothesis that all the geese on Busch Campus are brown. What is the most compelling scientific evidence against this hypothesis? | You take a cell phone picture of a white goose on Busch Campus. |
| What is the best description of the relationship between Newton’s theory of gravity and Einstein’s theory of general relativity? | Einstein’s theory of general relativity matches some observations better than Newton’s theory of gravity, and other observations equally well. |
| Science is… | A tool for learning about the observable physical world. |
| Suppose you wanted to use a combination of mirrors and lenses to make a telescope (a mirror that will collect and focus light on a lens, which will further focus the light for the observer). What combination would you use? | A concave mirror and a convex lens. |
| Radio waves have the longest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum. Suppose a group of radio astronomers decides to submit a proposal to NASA to launch a radio telescope into space. Is this proposal likely to be accepted, and why? | Unlikely to be accepted, because a radio telescope has to be very large to obtain decent resolution. |
| How do modern astronomers usually gather data from a telescope? | Counting photons using CCD |
| What wavelengths of light can be observed with telescopes? | All wavelengths |
| Why do we put telescopes in space? | To observe wavelengths not visible from Earth |
| Great Circle | Divides surface of a sphere into two equal parts |
| The horizon .. | is a great circle midway between the zenith and nadir. (this changes every time you take a step) |
| The celestial equator | great circle midway between north and south celestial poles. (This only changes as the Earth’s spin axis changes – verrrry slowly!) |
| The ecliptic.. | great circle traced by the Sun’s motion in the sky over the course of a year. (This only changes as the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun changes – verrrrrrrrrrrry slowly!!!) |
| Right ascension | Like longitude on the celestial sphere. measured in hours with respect to the spring equinox. |
| Declination | Like latitude on celestial sphere. Measured in degrees above celestial equator |
| Latitude.. | Goes left to right |
| Longitude .. | Goes north to south |
| The umbra.. | is the region of the total shadow |
| The penumbra.. | is the region of partial shadow Planets can get in the way of the sun. Also known as a transit. (Venus does this) |
| What did civilizations achieve in astronomy? | -Timekeeping -Tracking the seasons -Calendar -Monitoring the lunar cycles |
| Stonehenge told... | The time of day |
| Prograde.. | The direction planets normally spin in |
| Retrograde.. | Spinning in the opposite direction of prograde |
| Why are astronauts weightless in space? | *there is gravity in space*.. Astronauts are in a constant state of free fall. Weightlessness in orbit is not because you have escaped the gravitational pull of Earth. Being in orbit means falling around Earth. |
| Isaac Newton: | Discovered laws of motion and gravity. Explained planetary motions &Keplers Laws. |
| Galileo: | "All bodies fall at the same rate." Created the concept of acceleration |
| Zeno's paradox: | If space is infinitely divisible, a person can never get to where he/she is going. Motion itself is impossible, and therefore must be an illusion! |
| Newton’s laws of motion: | -Bodies in motion tend to reamin in motion -F=ma Mass x acceleration. An unbalanced force on an object causes acceleration -For every force there is an equal and an opposite and for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction. |
| Inertia: | Mass x Velocity |
| Kepler described planetary motions: | -The orbit of a planet about the Sun in an ellipse with the sun at one focus. -A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. |
| Universal law of gravitation: | Two objects attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the mass of each object and inversely proportional to the mass of the distance between them. |
| Ptolemy's Epicyclic Model | The Earth was near the center and did not move. The planets moved on perfect circles called epicycles whose centers were tacked onto a larger circle called the deferent that moved around the Earth. This model was selected as the best representation for |
| Copernicus' heliocentric model | In this model retrograde motion is due to the moving Earth catching up to and passing another planet, or vice versa. --Still used epicycles |
| Parallax | Distances to the nearest stars must be very much larger than the distance to the sun. |
| Kepler's 1st Law - eccentric orbits | Kepler worked from the careful and excellent observations of Tyco Brahe to try to measure the actual motions of the planets (early 17th century). He could not make circular orbits work, but found that elliptical orbits fitted the data well. In his model, |
| Kepler's 2nd Law - equal areas | The planet must move slower when further from the sun and faster when closer to the sun |
| Kepler's 3rd Law - P2 = a3 | Kepler found that the orbital period (in yerars) swuared was always equal to the size of the orbit (in AU) cubed. |
| Galileo's observations | Lunar craters, mountains, and "seas" Sunspots Moons of Jupiter Phases of Venus |
| The scientific method | Science is both a body of facts and a process of investigation Science is good at answering a subset of all possible questions. --About phenomena that are both measurable and reproducible |
| Newton's laws of motions | Adopted Galileo's law of inertia defined forces F=ma For every action there is an equal and opposite reactionO |
| Orbital formula | (1/a)^1/2 |
| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion. Thermal energy (heat) is a type of kinetic energy. |
| Radiative energy | Light |
| Potential energy | Stored energy. gravitational potential energy is the energy a body could have if it fell |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | Visible light, gamma-rays, X- rays, infrared, and radio waves are all forms of electromagnetic radiation or light. |
| Blackbody radiation | The hotter an object is the bluer it looks. |
| Kirchoffs Laws- kinds of spectra | Continuous emission-line, and absorption-line spectra |
| Doppler effect | Blueshifts correspond to approach Redshifts correspond to recession The bigger the shift, the larger the radial velocity Orbital motions of stars due to, for instance, planets show up as periodic variations in the wavelengths of the star's spectral lin |
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at21
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