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Tobira Ch2 文法
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 文型 （読み） | ぶんけい （漢字） |
| ぶんけい （意味） | sentence pattern （Translate to Japanese） |
| 英訳 （読み） | えいやく （漢字） |
| えいやく （意味） | English translation （Translate to Japanese） |
| ～なければ｛いけない/ならない｝; ～なくては｛いけない/ならない｝ | have to; must; should |
| ｛なくては/なければ｝いけない vs. ならない | ならない commonly used to state one's own sense of obligation. いけない commonly used when the sense of obligation is directed toward the hearer. |
| ｛なくては/なければ｝ ならない | ならない can be omitted |
| なければ casual conversation form | なきゃ |
| なくては casual conversation form | なくちゃ |
| ｛なくては/なければ｝ならない casual conversation form | なんない |
| ～など | indicates that the given list is not exhaustive. When more than one item is listed, や is commonly used to connect them. |
| N1 や N2 など | N1, N2, and others; N1, N2, etc.; N1 and N2 among others |
| N1 や N2 などのN3 | N3 such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2 |
| N1 や N2 など、 N3 | N3 such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2 |
| ～など、文型（ぶんけい, sentence pattern) | N1やN2など({は/も/が/を/に/の/etc.}) (N1 and N2 can be words or phrases as in a book example.) |
| Xは～の一つだ | describes X while indicating that it is not the only example, object, person, etc. |
| Xは～の一つだ, 英訳 | X is one of the ～ |
| Xは～の一つだ、文型 | NはNPの｛一つ/一人｝だ。 |
| Noun にとって | If Noun is X, means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important to X, or is necessary, useful, good, difficult, etc. for X, X is often a person, a geographic unit or an organization. |
| Nounの代わりに | After the に, presents something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone that comes before the の. |
| Nounの代わりに, additional note | When the context is clear, Noun の can be omitted. |
| ～ため（に） | Preceded by a noun or the non-past form of a verb. Indicates either 1. Purpose or 2. Reason; cause 3. Benefit. |
| ～ため（に）1, 英訳 | in order to; to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of |
| ～ため（に）2, 英訳 | because; due to |
| ～ため（に）2, further note | Can be replaced by ～から or ～ので, which are less formal than ～ために. |
| AかBか | either A or B; whether A or B. Presents alternatives. |
| AかBか + case particle | usually the second か is dropped |
| case particle | e.g. が, を, へ, に, で, と |
| ようになる | indicates a gradual change of a certain period of time; it means that someone (or something) comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot) do something. |
| V - ないようになる | same as V - なくなる but more gradual |
| ようにする | to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to |
| ～必要[読み：ひつよう]｛がある/はない｝ | This phrase is used to indicate the necessity of doing something. は is common with a ngative ending. |
| ～必要[読み：ひつよう]｛がある/はない｝, 文型 | V-plain.non-past 必要｛がある/はない｝ |
| 場合[読み：ばあい] | case, occasion, situation |
| ～場合[読み：ばあい]（は/には） | when; if; in case |
| ～場合[読み：ばあい]（は/には）, type | adverbial phrase/clause |
| ～場合[読み：ばあい]（は/には）, sometimes equivalent word to 場合 | 時 when referring to a "case, occasion, or situation" not a specific time (like after you went somewhere) |
| A｛では・じゃ｝なく（て）B | indicates that a certain piece of information is wrong and, following that, to present the correct information. |
Created by:
ncommons
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