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ES 04 Soil & Erosion
Weathering, erosion, soil, mass movement.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| disintegration and decomposition of rocks near Earth's surface | weathering |
| break down of rocks without changing their composition | mechanical (physical) weathering |
| water enters rock cracks, freezes/expands, breaks rocks apart (a mechanical weathering) | frost (ice) wedging |
| crystal whose growth when its water-solution evaporates can apply pressure to break rocks (a mechanical weathering) | salt |
| occurs when surface slabs break off surface of igneous intrusion exposed due to erosion, a type of mechanical weathering | slabbing |
| mechanical weathering agent category that includes plants and burrowing animals | biological |
| dissolves or reacts with some minerals in rocks, causing them to undergo chemical weathering | water |
| reacts with iron in some rocks, causing it to rust and the rocks to weaken, a type of chemical weathering | oxygen |
| break down of rocks that occurs when they undergo changes in composition that weaken them | chemical weathering |
| acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water | carbonic acid |
| type of chemical sedimentary rock that is commonly dissolved by action of carbonic acid | limestone |
| pH of 'neutral' solutions/water | 7 |
| approximate pH of naturally-occurring rain | 5.6 |
| nitrogen and sulfur oxides can mix with moisture in the atmosphere to form this environmentally damaging mixture | acid rain (precipitation) |
| most important factor contributing to the process of weathering, particularly if it is warm & wet | climate |
| weathering factor that could be called "the lay of the land", mainly its steepness | topography |
| mixture of mineral (weathered rock) and organic matter, air and water | soil |
| characteristic of soil based on its content of clay (smallest), silt, and sand | soil texture |
| general soil texture category in which no single soil particle size dominates | loam |
| when determining soil texture by the 'shake & settle' technique, the factor that affects settling rate | particle size |
| vertical sequence of soil layers (cross section) | soil profile |
| individual distinctive layer within a soil profile | horizon |
| material in the O horizon that is composed of decayed leaves and plant materials | humus |
| also called the 'zone of accumulation', this soil layer contains clays that have been washed (leached) down from upper levels | B horizon |
| another name for the O + A horizons, composed of mineral matter and organic material | topsoil |
| soil profile layer composed of partially weathered rock | C horizon |
| describes soil that contains well-developed, distinct layers | mature |
| describes soil that lacks much organic matter and does not have clearly defined layers | undeveloped |
| in general, this is the primary agent of almost all erosion due to its downward force | gravity |
| agent of erosion that produces loess, and only moves small particles | wind |
| most destructive agent of erosion, especially when having volume and/or speed, that produces sheet, rill, and gully erosion | water |
| agent of erosion that leaves moraines (sediment ridges) and kettle lakes when it retreats | glacier |
| erosion control methods being used on the Chatham Charter campus | geotextiles, sediment ponds, rocks in ditches, silt fencing, plant boundaries |
| in general, any downslope transport of soil and weathered rock (especially as a whole) resulting from the force of gravity | mass movement |
| slow, steady downhill mass movement of loose soil, often causing vertical objects (poles, posts, trees) to lean downhill | creep |
| mass movement of Earth materials as if a thick liquid (often very wet/fast) | flow |
| rapid downhill mass movement of materials when a thin block breaks away from underlying rock layer (includes avalanches and slumps) | slides |
| cone-shaped debris pile and the base of cliffs where rockfalls have occurred | talus |
| In soil taxonomy (classification) based on mineral content, it describes soil found in Eastern U.S., due to erosion in temperate, moist, often forested areas rich in iron oxide & Al clays, often formed from granitic parent. It is brown-red! | pedalfer |
| In soil taxonomy (classification) based on mineral content, it describes soil found in Western U.S., due to erosion of sedimentary rock in drier grasslands with less clay. It is often light gray-brown. | pedocal |
| In soil taxonomy (classification) based on mineral content, it describes soils formed in hot/wet tropical areas due to much chemical weathering, containing little organic matter, colored orange/red and dries very hard. | laterite |
| describes a landform created by tectonic activity | primary |
| describes a landform shaped by erosion over time | secondary |
| depositional feature formed when a sediment-carrying river enters a body of water and slows | delta |
| parallel scratches or grooves in bedrock formed when glaciers move across a surface | striations |
| unsorted and sorted sediments left behind by a retreating glacier as it melts | till and outwash |
| a large boulder which differs from the surrounding rock and is believed to have been moved from a distance by a glacier | erratic |
| depositional landform often found at the base of eroding mountains when sediment-carrying water slows down | alluvial fan |
Created by:
goakley
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