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Ecology Exam 2
LIFE 320- Ecology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fundamental Niche | Range of physical conditions over which a species can persist. |
| Realized Niche | Predators, pathogens, competitors sub-set of conditions where a species is actually found. |
| Migration | Regular or episodic movement of individuals to a different part of their home range. |
| Clumped Spatial Dispersion | Spatial dispersion patterns results from an attraction between individuals, attraction to a common resource. |
| Random Spatial Dispersion | Spatial dispersion patterns results from a neutral interaction between individuals and with local environment. |
| Spaced Spatial Dispersion | Spatial dispersion patterns results from an antagonism between individuals, local depletion of a common resource. |
| Metapopulation Model | Habitable patches (full or empty) separated by inhabitable barrier, occasional migration. 2 assumptions habitat is discrete and time is continuous. |
| Source-sink Model | Add population density in patches as a function of habitat quality and migration of “surplus” offspring. |
| Landscape Model | Add types of barriers to migration, locations and various properties of “good” habitats (e.g. nesting, feeding, etc.). |
| Ideal Free Distributions (IFD) | Habitat quality is reduced by the presence of competitors. Switching among patches should occur when good patches become overfilled. Each individual exploits a patch of equal apparent quality. |
| Total population size= | = density x area |
| Mark-recapture methods | N = total population size, M = number of marked individuals, n = number caught in re-capture effort, x = number of recaptures that were marked. x=nM/N or N=nM/x |
| Dispersal Limitation | population is absent from a suitable area because of a barrier to seed/offspring movement |
| Metapopulation equation | dP/dt=mP(1-P)-eP. if dP/dt=0 then P*= 1-e/m. P= the number of occupied patches, e= the extinction rate of patches, m= the colonization rate. |
| Mechanisms of Dispersal | Environmental factors: food limitations, mating limitations, low Reynolds number flow. Density dependent factors: threshold effects, locusts. Morphological changes: behavioral changes. |
| Types of Asexual Reproduction | Binary Fission, Fragmentation, Budding, Vegetative Reproduction, and Parthenogenesis. |
| Processes of Asexual Reproduction involving splitting the organism into 2 or more parts | Binary Fission (bacteria), Fragmentation (planaria, sea stars), Budding (hydra). |
| Vegetative Reproduction | Generates clones of plants. The organ that can cause this varies by plant. (leaves, roots, or shoots) |
| Parthenogenesis | Occurs in animals (snakes and lizards). Single female produces fertile eggs. 4 ways thelytoky, pseudogamy, automixis, and aptomixis. |
| Thelytoky | Females produce female offspring. |
| Pseudogamy | Sperm is required to activate the egg but only maternal genes are expressed. Occurs with polyploid species. |
| Automixis | Egg undergoes meiosis. Fusion of two of the products of meiosis, not clones, limits genetic diversity, but provides population viability for fragmented or sparsely populated areas. Produces males |
| Aptomixis | Egg does not undergo meiosis. |
| Wolbachia | Most common parasite on the planet. Can infect different organs but it’s work on the testes and ovaries is a marvel to behold. Infected individuals show one of four phenotypes:Male killing, Feminization, Parthenogenesis, or Cytoplasmic Incompatability. |
| Sexual, Self Fertilization | Monoecious plants have both male and female reproductive organs and can self fertilize, but it reduces heterozygosity in the population. Some snails and 1 species of fish can self as well. |
| Hermaphroditism | Many flowers and animals can produce both male and female gametes. They can do this either simultaneously or sequentially (Protogyny [female first] or protoandry [male first]). |
| Sex Determination | Many animals are XY males some are XY females. For some species environmental effects or social dynamics can control sex. |
| Polygamy | Polygyny– one male and multiple females. Polyandry– one female and multiple males. Sexual selection manipulates the outcomes- intrasexual selection, or copulatory plugs and mate guarding. |
| Monogamy | Uncommon in mammals and common in birds, but with lots of cuckolding. |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. |
| Reproductive Investment | For men sperm are cheap and they can provide little parental care. For women eggs are expensive and they provide most parental care. |
| Reproductive Success | Men are limited by # of females that can be convinced to mate. Women are limited by # of eggs that can be made. |
| Ecology | The branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. |
| Abiotic | An organisms interaction with its environment involving light, heat, and nutrients. |
| Biotic | An organisms interaction with its environment involving other organisms. |
| Intraorganism interactions | Donor and recipient benefit= altruism, Donor and recipient don't benefit= spitefulness, Donor benefits and recipient doesn't= selfishness, Donor doesn't benefit and recipient does= altruism. |
| Calculating Inclusive Fitness | cost to the donor= C, benefit to the recipient = B, relatedness = r. C<B*r |
| Relatedness | Calculated as 0.5^x where x is the number of separations. 1 degree of separation for parents and true sibilings, 2 for aunt/uncle, or grandparnets, etc. |
| Fecundity | Number of offspring produced per reproductive episode. |
| Parity | Number of reproductive episodes. |
| Parental Investment | Time and energy given to offspring |
| Life History | A schedule of an organism's growth, development, reproduction, and survival. |
| Principle of Allocation | Resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behavior, they cannot be allocated to another. |
| Determinate Growth | In most species of birds and mammals women grow to a particular size and then begin to reproduce. At this point they no longer grow anymore. |
| Indeterminate Growth | Many plants and invertebrates do not have a characteristic adult size and continue to grow after initiating reproduction. |
| Semelparity | When organisms reproduce only once during their life. |
| Iteroparity | When organisms reproduce multiple times during their life. |
| Annual | An organism that has a lifespan of one year |
| Perennial | An organism that has a lifespan of more than one year. |
| Senescence | A gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality. |
| Photoperiod | The amount of light that occurs each day. |
| The Cost of Meiosis | The 50% reduction in the number of a parent's genes passed on to the next generation via sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction. |
| Red Queen Hypothesis | Hypothesis stating sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that can counter the rapid evolution of parasites. |
| Perfect Flowers | Flowers that contain both male and female parts |
| Dioecious | Plants that contain either only male flowers or only female flowers on a single individual. |
| Local Mate Competition | when competition for mates occurs in a very small area and only a few males are required to fertilize all of the females. |
| Mating System | The number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates. |
| Runaway Sexual Selection | When selection for preference of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other. |
| Dilution Effect | The reduced or diluted probability of predation to a single animal when it is in a group. |
| Social Behaviors | Interactions with members of one's own species, including mates, offspring, other relatives, and unrelated individuals. |
| Lek | The location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex. |
| Direct Fitness | The fitness an individual gains by passing on copies of its genes to its offspring. |
| Indirect Fitness | The fitness an individual gains by helping a relative pass on copies of their genes. |
| Eusocial | A type of social animal in which individuals live in large groups with overlapping generations, cooperation in nest building and brood care, and reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals. |
| Caste | Individuals within a social group sharing a specialized form of behavior. |
| Haplodiploid | A sex-determination system in which one sex is haploid and the other sex is diploid. |
| Queen | The dominant, egg-laying female in eusocial insect societies. |
| Demography | The study of populations |
| Growth Rate | In a population, the number of new individuals that are produced in a given amount of time minus the number of individuals that die. |
| Intrinsic Growth Rate (r) | The highest possible per capita growth rate for a population. |
| Exponential Growth Model | A model of population growth in which the population increases continuously at an exponential rate. Assumptions being that population is well mixed (all individuals capable of reproducing do) and population not limited by resources (space or food). |
| J-shaped curve | The shape of an exponential model when graphed. |
| Geometric Growth Model | A model of population growth that compares population sizes at regular intervals. |
| Doubling Time | The time required for a population to double in size. |
| Carrying Capacity (K) | The maximum population size that can be supported by the environment. |
| Logistic Growth Model | A growth model that describes slowing growth of populations at high densities. |
| Inflection Point | The point on a sigmoidal growth curve at which the population achieves its highest growth rate and begins its decline. |
| Life Tables | Contain class-specific survival and fecundity data. |
| Stable Age Distribution | When the age structure of a population doesn't change over time. |
| Net Reproductive Rate (Ro) | The total number of female offspring that we expect an average female to produce over the course of her life. (The sum of IxBx for all ages.) |
| Cohort Life Table | Life table that follows a group of individuals born at the same time. |
| Static Life Table | Quantifies the survival and fecundity of all individuals during a single interval. |
| Overshoot | When a population grows beyond its carrying capacity |
| Die-off | A substantial decline in density that typically goes well below the carrying capacity after an overshoot. |
| Damped oscilations | When a population initially oscillates but the magnitude of the oscillations declines over time. |
| Stable limit cycle | A pattern of population growth in which the population continues to exhibit large oscillations over time. |
| Deterministic Model | A model that is designed to predict a result without accounting for random differences in population growth rates. |
| Stochastic Model | A model that incorporates random variation in population growth rate. |
| Rescue Effect | when dispersers supplement a declining subpopulation and thereby prevent the subpopulation from going extinct. |
| Allometry | The study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology |
| Kleiber's law | Metabolic rate is proportional to the mass of the organism raised to the 3/4 power |
| Power Laws | When frequency of an event varies as a power of some attribute of that event, the frequency is said to follow a power law. |
| Generation Time (T) | Average age when an individual gives birth to its offspring. |
| Mortality Rate(Mx) | probability that individuals die before reaching group x+1 (1-Sx) |
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