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Anatomy
Chapter 2 chemical Basis of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemistry | Deals with composition of substance and hoe they change |
| Knowledge of chemistry | Necessary for understanding of physiology because of the importance of chemicals in body pressure |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| All Matter is composed of | Elements, 92 of which occur naturally |
| Elements are the simplest | Form of matter and identified by one or two letter symbols (Oxygen-O, Iron-Fe) |
| Living organisms require about | 20 elements, of which carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen are most abundant.They compose 95% of living organisms. |
| Elements are composed of | Atoms; atoms of different element vary in size and in how they interact |
| Atoms are | The smallest particle of an element retaining all the properties of that element |
| An atom consists of | A nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus |
| Protons with | A positive charge, are about equal in size to neutrons, which have no change |
| Electrons | Are much smaller and bear a negative charge |
| An electrically neutral | Atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| The number of protons | Denotes the atomic number of an element; the number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals the atomic weight |
| Atoms form | Bonds by gaining,losing,or sharing electrons |
| Electrons are found | In shells around the nucleus |
| The first energy | Shell hols two electron; the other energy shells each hold eight electrons when on the outside |
| Atoms with | Incompletely filled outer shells tend to be reactive to form stable outer shells of 8 electrons |
| When atoms | Gain or lose electrons they become ions with a charge. Whether they gain or lose will depend on how many they have in the outer shell to start with |
| Oppositely | charged ions attract each other and form an ionic bond |
| Anion | Ion with a negative electrical charge |
| Cation | Ion with a positive electrical charge |
| Covalent Bonds | Are formed when atoms share electrons (equally) to become stable with filled outer shells |
| Two pairs of electrons | Shared between atoms for a double covalent bond |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | Water molecule |
| Unequal sharing | Of electrons between atoms |
| results in Molecules | Having oppositely charged ends |
| Give Properties | That enable substances to be dissolved |
| Water | Known as a Universal Solvent since it can dissolve most substance |
| Molecule is | Formed when two or more atoms combine from the same object |
| If atoms of the same | Element bond, it produce molecules of that element (elemental molecules such as O2 and N3) |
| If atoms of different | Elements combine, the molecule can also be called a compound |
| Compounds | Always have a definite kind and number if atoms (C6H12O6, NaCl, H2SO4) |
| Chemical reaction | Occurs as bonds are bonds formed or broken between atoms,ions, or molecules |
| Those changed by the reaction | Are the reactants those formed are the product |
| Two or more atoms or molecules | Can be joined during synthesis (A+B=AB) |
| Larger molecules can | Be broken into smaller ones in decomposition reactions (breaks down)(AB+CD-AC+BD) |
| Reverside reactions | are symbolized by using two arrows |
| Catalysts | Influence the rates of chemical reactions (in the body are usually enzymes) |
| Exchange reaction | Occur as parts of molecules trade places (TRADE PLACES) |
| Substances that release | Ions in water are called electrolytes (sport drinks, pedialyte) |
| Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions | (H+) in water are called acids (turns litmus paper from blue to red) |
| Electrolytes that release hydroxyl ions | (OH-) in water are called bases (alkalines) |
| The concentration of H+ and OH- | In the body are very important to physiology A. H+ and OH- from water which is neutral B. Balance of what is left over or higher H+ or OH- determines the pH of the solution |
| pH represents the | concentration (quantity hydrogen ions) [H+] in solutions |
| A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution | With equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl (OH) ions. |
| A.pH of zero to less than 7 indicates | The presence of more hydrogen ions, and thus the solution is more acidic, a pH greater than 7 or 14 indicates more hydroxyl ions, or a basic or alkaline |
| B.Between each whole number of the | pH scale there is a tenfold difference in hydrogen in concentration |
| A. Change of one whole number | Represents a 10 fold change in pH |
| B. A change between two whole numbers | Represents a 10 times 10,100 fold change |
| pH Scale | 0-7 acidic 7-14 alkaline 7- base |
| Acid-alkali neutralization is the same reaction | That naturally ionizes water to create hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
| When acids and alkali are mixed together | Equal proportions, they neutralize each other form water H2O |
| Chemical | That resist pH change |
| Combine with hydrogen ions | When these ions are in excess or they donate hydrogen ions when ions are depleted |
| Found in all body fluids | Combine with excess H+ and OH- to make them weaker and bring levels into homeostatic range |
| The pH of human blood | About 7.4 (ranges 7.35-7.45), outside this range and a person could die. Homeostatic mechanism may regulate pH. (acidosis or alkalosis) |
| bicarbonate buffer system | Blood, neutralize stomach acid before it enters small intestine is reduced |
| Phosphate buffer system | Kidneys and urine production |
| Protein buffer system | Plasma proteins,hemoglobin or red blood cells (part of blood) |
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moopphile16
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