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Radt 334 Unit 1
Unit 1 chapters 1&2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Which tube did Roentgen used when he discovered x-rays | Crookes tube |
What substance did Roentgen discover x-rays with | barium platinocyanide |
Name of first fatality due to x-rays and when | Clarence Daly in 1904 |
When did biological effects of x-ray begin to be studied | 1910 |
Einstein formula that led to development of nuclear power | E=mc(2) |
What year were X-rays discovered | 1895 |
When was fluoroscopy developed? | 1898-1900's |
When was nuclear medicine developed? | early 1900's |
When was CT developed? | 1970's |
When was MRI developed? | 1970's |
When was ultrasound developed? | 1960's |
Branch of physics concerned with the study of objects at rest and in motion | mechanics |
anything that occupies space | matter |
measurement unit of mass | kg |
removal of an electron from an atom | ionization |
random motion of molecules | heat |
smallest particles that has all the properties of an element | atom |
4 measurement systems | SI (m,kg,s), CKS (cm,g,s), MKS (m,kg,s), and British (foot, pound, s) |
unit for measurement of length | meters |
time measurement | seconds |
base quantities of measurement of mechanics | mass, length, and time |
combination of two or more base quantities | derived quantities |
velocity | v=d/t |
average velocity | final velocity + initial velocity/ 2 |
speed of light (c) | C = 3 x 10(8) |
acceleration (a) | final velocity - initial velocity / time |
force (F) | F= ma |
measure of how fast something is moving (speed) / rate of change of position with time | velocity |
the rate of change of velocity with time | acceleration |
A body at rest will stay at rest. A body in motion will stay in motion. | Newton's first law of motion: inertia |
the property of matter that acts to resist a change in its state of motion | inertia |
the force that acts on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced | Newton's second law of motion: force |
unit of measurement for force | newton |
the product of the mass of an object and its velocity | momentum |
momentum (p) | p = mv |
the force applied times the distance over which it is applied | work (W) |
Work | W = Fd |
power (P) | P = Fd/t |
SI unit for power | J/s |
special quantities | exposure, dose, effective dose, and radioactivity |
measurement unit for energy | Joules (J) |
measurement unit for work | Joules (J) |
measurement unit for power | watt |
measurement unit for velocity | m/s |
measurement unit for acceleration | m/s(2) |
measurement unit for weight (Wt) | newton (N) |
measurement for momentum (p) | kg-m/s |
radiation in air | roentgen |
radiation absorbed dose | rad |
occupational radiation exposure | rem |
radioactivity | Curie (Ci) |
conversion to Si system | R, rad, rem multiply by 0.01 / Ci multiply by 3.7 x 10(10) |
energy cannot be created or destroyed -rather it is transferred | Law of Conservation |
7 types of energy | potential, kinetic, chemical, electrical, thermal, nuclear, and electromagnetic |
two forms of mechanical energy | potential and kinetic |
types of electromagnetic energy | radiowaves, ultraviolet light, microwaves, visible light, infrared light, and x-rays |
types of thermal energy | conduction, convection, and radiation |
transfer of thermal energy by touch | conduction |
transfer of thermal energy by mechanical means via gas or liquid molecules | convection |
transfer of thermal energy through infrared radiation | radiation |
3 natural radiation sources | cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, and internally deposited radionuclides |
radionuclides | uranium, radium, and radon (radon biggest source) |
manmade radiation sources | nuclear power generators, consumer items, and diagnostic x-rays (diagnostic x-rays biggest source) |
absorbs low energy x-rays | filtration |
radiation safety | ALARA, filtration, Potter-Bucky grids, PBL (positive beam limit), and lead barriers |
absorbs scatter radiation | Potter-Bucky grid |
limits radiation field | PBL |
protects from secondary radiation exposure | lead barriers |
hook & eye combinations model of atom / first to describe element being comprised of identical atoms | Dalton |
plum pudding model of atom / electrons suspended in gelatinous material | Thomson |
disproved Thomson's model of atom/ discovered atoms had nucleus | Rutherford |
developed today's model of atom - miniature solar system | Bohr |
fundamental building blocks of matter / comprised of fundamental particles | atoms |
electrically neutral / inside nucleus/ 1 amu | neutron |
positive charge /inside nucleus /1 amu /total numbe = atomic number and determines element | proton |
negative charge/ outside nucleus/ 0 amu | electron |
fundamental particles of atoms | proton, neutron, and electron |
atom's normal state | neutral: protons = electrons |
when an electron is added or removed from an atom | ionized atom |
how to figure number of protons in an atom | atomic number is equal to number of protons |
how to figure the number of neutrons in an atom | atomic mass - atomic number = number of neutrons |
how to figure number of electrons in an atom | number of protons (atomic number) = the number of electrons |
atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass | isotope |
atomic nuclei that have the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers | isobar |
atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different number of protons | isotone |
atoms that have the same atomic number and the same atomic mass but different energy levels | isomers |