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Pharm Quiz 1
Pharmacology Chapters 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pharmacology is the study of... | drugs or medicine |
| what is drugs? | therapeutic agent, any substance other than food used in the prevention diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure of disease, any chemical substance that affects biologic system |
| what are dietary supplements? | herbs, vitamins, minerals and amino acids |
| who is able to write prescriptions? | physicians, veterinarians, dentist, optometrists, physician's assistans, nurse practitioners, pharmacists |
| a drug is first identified by its... | chemical name, if a structure is unknown a code name is given |
| if a compound is useful, pharmaceutical company discovering drug gives it a... | trade name |
| trade name can also be known as... | proprietary name or brand name |
| generic is always... | lower case letter |
| brand name or trade name is always... | upper case |
| what is chemically equivalent? | when two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards established by the regulatory agencies |
| what is biologically equivalent drugs? | when two drug formulations produce similar concentrations in the blood and tissues |
| what are therapeutically equivalent drugs? | if two drug formulations have an equal therapeutic effect in a clinical trial |
| what is the Harrison Narcotic Act? | regulations concerning the use of opium, opiates and cocaine before this law over the counter drugs could contain opium and cocaine |
| what does FDA do? | determines which drugs can be sold over the counter and what may be sold by prescription regulates labeling and advertising of prescription drugs |
| what does the federal trade commission do? | regulates trade practices of drug companies does not allow false advertising of foods, over the counter drugs and cosmetics |
| what does the drug enforcement administration do? | regulates the manufacturing and distribution of narcotics, stimulants and sedatives |
| what does the omnibus budget reconciliation act do? | regulation requires pharmacists to provide patient counseling and a drug utilization review for medicaid patients any patient that has a prescription should receive counseling from the pharmacists |
| what measurement system is used in pharmacology? | metric system |
| what is superscription? | patient's name, address, and age: date and the symbol Rx |
| what is inscription? | name of the drug, dose form, and the amount |
| what is subscription? | directions to the pharmacists |
| what is transcription? | signature: directions to the patient |
| what are the parts of the classic categorization of prescription? | superscription inscription subscription transcription |
| what is the parts of the practical formation of prescription writing? | heading body closing |
| what is under the heading in the practical format? | name, address, telephone number of prescriber name, address, age and telephone number of patient date of prescription: it is not legal with out this |
| what is under the body in the practical format? | symbol RX name and dosage size or concentration of the drug amount to be dispensed directions to the patient |
| what is under the closing in the practical format? | prescribers signature DEA number if required refill instructions |
| before a dentist can legally write a prescription for a patient what 2 criteria must be met? | patient of record dental condition |
| schedule I drugs are | highest abuse potential with no accepted medical use |
| schedule II drugs are | high abuse potential and written prescription with provider's signature only with NO REFILLS |
| schedule III drugs are | moderate abuse potential, prescriptions may be telephoned no more than five prescriptions in 6 months |
| schedule Iv drugs are | less abuse potential, prescriptions may be telephoned no more than give prescriptions in 6 months |
| schedule V drugs are | least above potential can be bought OTC in some states |
| what does "a" mean? | before |
| what does "ac" mean? | before meals |
| what does "bid" mean? | twice a day |
| what does "c" mean? | with |
| what does "cap" mean? | capsule |
| what does "d" mean? | day |
| what does "dips" mean? | dispense |
| what does "gm" mean? | gram |
| what does "gr" mean? | grain |
| what does "gtt" mean? | drop |
| what does "h" mean? | hour |
| what does "hs" mean? | at bedtime |
| what does "p" mean? | after |
| what does "pc" mean? | after meals |
| what does "PO" mean? | by mouth |
| what does "prn" mean? | as required, if needed |
| what does "q" mean? | every |
| what does "qid" mean? | 4 times a day |
| what does "s" mean? | without |
| what does "sig" mean | write (label) |
| what does "ss" mean? | one half |
| what does "stat" mean? | immediately (now) |
| what does "tab" mean? | tablet |
| what does "tid" mean? | 3 times a day |
| what does "ud" mean? | as directed |
| what is the log dose effect curve? | when a drug exerts an effect on biologic systems, the effect can be related quantitatively to the dose of the drug given response of the drug depending on how much is given |
| what is potency? | a function of the amount of drug required to produce an effect |
| what is ED50 | median effective dose dose of the drug required to produce a specific effect in 50% of the subjects or the dose that produces half of the maximum effect |
| the higher the potency of the drug... | the lower the ED 50 will be |
| what is efficacy? | efficacy is the maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug maximum effect of a drug regardless of the dose |
| efficacy and potency are... | unrelated |
| what does GABA stand for | gamma-Aminobutyric acid |
| what is agonist? | a drug that has an affinity for a receptor, combines with that receptor and produces an effect |
| what is an antagonist? | counteracts the action of the agonist |
| what is a competitive antagonist? | a drug that has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor and produces no effect |
| what is a noncompetitive antagonist? | drug which binds to a receptor site that is different from the binding site for the agonist |
| what is a physiologic antagonist? | a drug which has an affinity for a different receptor site than the agonist |
| what is a ionic bond? | an electrostatic bond between 2 ions of opposite charges |
| what is a covalent bond? | occurs when the outside electrons are shared among the elements |
| what is the most common and popular way to administer drugs? | oral route |
| what is the advantage of oral route administration | large absorbing area in the small intestine, produces slower onset of action than parenterally administered agents |
| what is the disadvantage of oral route | stomach and intestinal irritation may result in nausea and vomiting, certain drugs are inactivated by the GI tract, blood levels less predictable than those obtained parenterally |
| what is used if the patient is vomiting or unconscious? | rectal route |
| what is the disadvantages of rectal route? | poor patient acceptance and poor and irregular absorption |
| what is the route of most rapid drug response and immediate onset of action? | intravenous route |
| what are the disadvantages of intravenous route? | local irritation, drug irretrievability, and side effects related to high plasma concentration of the drugs |
| what is intrathecal route? | subarachnoid space within the spine |
| what is intraperitoneal route? | placing fluid in to the peritoneal cavity |
| what is the difference between elixirs and syrups? | elixers have alcohol syrups have sugar |
| what is pharmacokinetics? | the study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body and leaves the body |
| what are the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics? | absorption distribution metabolism excretion |
| the more ionized the compound... | the less drug is absorbed |
| weak acids are better absorbed when the pH is... | less than the pKa |
| weak bases are better absorbed when the pH is... | greater than the pKa |
| what is oral absorption parts | disruption disintegration dispersion dissolution |
| what is disruption? | initial disruption of a tablet coating or capsule |
| what is disintegration? | tablet or capsule breaks apart |
| what is dispersion? | concentrated drug particles spread through the stomach/intestines |
| what is dissolution | drug dissolved in solution in GI fluid |
| what is a half life? | amount of time that passes for the concentration of a drug to fall to one half of its blood level at any time |
| what is metabolism also know as? | biotransformation |
| what is the definition of metabolism? | the body's way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidney |
| what is the first pass effect? | drug passes through the liver first |
| what is the most important in excretion? | renal excretion (kidney) |
| what are the exertion routes? | lungs, milk, sweat, saliva |
| what drugs are detected in the saliva if taken at high levels? | aspirin, phenytoin, ampicillin, dizepam, pen VK, phenobarbital |
| what are the factors that change drug effects? | patient compliance psychologic factors tolerance pathologic state time of administration, route of administration sex, genetic variations drug interactions age and weight, environment |
| what are the ways of calculation children's dosage? | clark's rule, fried's rule, young's role, cowling's rule and surface area rule |
| what is pKa | measure of the ability of a drug to combine with hydrogen ions; it will tell you how easily a compound will release or pick up hydrogen ions when placed in a solution |
| what are adverse drug reaction? | is a response to a drug that is not desired, is potentially harmful and occurs at usual therapeutic doses |
| what is toxic reaction? | the amount of the desired effect is excessive |
| what is a side effect? | dose related reaction, predictable |
| what is an idiosyncratic reaction? | genetically related abnormal drug response |
| what is a teratogenic effect? | producing a malformed fetus |
| what is a hapten? | can act as an antigen after combining with proteins in the body; antigen formed stimulates antibody production or antibody/antigen reaction |
| what is type I allergic reactions? | immediate hypersenstivitity |
| what is type II allergic reactions? | cytotoxic/cytolytic |
| what is type III allergic reactions? | arthus reactions |
| what is type IV allergic reactions | delayed hypersensitivity |
| what is type I allergic reactions mediated by? | IgE antibodies acute life threatening |
| what is the best example of a type III allergic reaction? | serum sickness |
| what is LD50? | lethal dose one measure of the toxicity of a drug, the dose that kills half of subjects |
| what is the therapeutic index? | LD50/ED50 if the TI is small, toxicity is more likely if the TI is large, drug will be safer |
Created by:
Chobchi
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