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Prob and Stat Ch1
Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| define statistics | the sciences of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data |
| 3 examples of how statistics are used in everyday life | 1. used in fields of human endeavor-sports, public health, and education 2. used ton analyze the results of a survey 3. used as a tool in scientific research 4.other uses include operations research, quality control estimation, and predictions |
| 3 reasons to study statistics | 1.to be able to understand statistical studies 2.to be able to conduct research, design experiments, make predictions, and communicate results |
| branch area of statistics- example of descriptive and inferential | 1.descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data 2.inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimation and hypothesis test,determiningrelationships.. |
| examples of variables- qualitative and quantitative (both discrete and continuous) | 1. qualitative- gender, color, religion, location 2. quantitative- age, height, weight, body temp discrete variables-counted, # of children, # of calls continuous- infinite,measuring, fractions |
| be able to find boundaries - 15cm | 14.5-15.5 cm |
| examples of each of the measurement levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) | 1. nominal- gender, zip code, marital status 2. ordinal- grade(A,B,C,D) 3. interval- SAT scores 4. ratio- weight, height |
| list 2 purposes of for date collection | 1. to help describe situations or events 2. to help people make better decisions before acting |
| list 3 ways to collect data | surveys, surveying records, and direct observation |
| list an advantage and a disadvantage for the 3 kinds of surveys | 1. telephone- ADV- cost less, not face to face DIS- not all people home, unlisted 2. mailed- ADV- can cover wider area, cost less, remain anonymous DIS- low number of responses 3. personal interview ADV- indepth DIS- trained more costly |
| examples of each of the sampling methods (random, systematic, stratifies, and cluster) | 1. random- randomly generated 2. systemic- selecting the kth person 3. stratified- people in groups, select a few from each group 4. cluster- people in groups, 1 group represents all |
| examples of the kind of studies (observational and experimental) | 1. observational- when you observe what is/has happening/ed 2. researcher manipulates the independent variable to see hoe it influences the dependent |
| list 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages for both observational and experimental studies | Observationl- ADV- natural setting, dangerous DIS-$ & time Experimental- ADV-decide how to select and group subjects,control or manipulate individual variables DIS-may occur in an unnatural setting, Subjects knowingly change behavior #HawthorneEffect |
| identify the independent and dependent variables from studies | Independent variable is the variable you change to see the relation of another variable Dependent variable is the outcome vaariable |
| list the 5 uses of statistics | to describe data, to compare 2 or more data sets, to determine if variables are related, to test hypothesis, and to make estimations |
| list the 7 minuses of statistics | suspect samples, ambiguous averages, changing the subject, detached statistics, implied connections, misleading graphs, and faulty surveys |
| identify things that make a survey question bad | biased questions, samples not random, confusing words, asking double barreled questions, using double negatives, ordering questions improperly |
| list the problems for getting random samples and systematic samples | |
Created by:
dsrowlett
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