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Chapter 01
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| physiology | the study of normal body function |
| pathophysiology | the study of abnormal body processes or disease |
| pharmaceutics | the study of how drugs are introduced to the body |
| pharmacokinetics | the study of how drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream (absorption), circulated to tissues throughout the body (distribution), inactivated (metabolized), and eliminated from the bloodstream over time (metabolism and excretion) |
| pharmacodynamics | the study of drugs and their receptors on the molecular level |
| pharmacotherapeutics | the study of how drugs are used in clinical practice for individual patients |
| learning styles inventory | a tool that determines how you prefer to receive information, understand it, and commit it to memory (gives insight into how your brain works) |
| learning style | an individuals preferred method of learning |
| Pharmacists’ Inventory of Learning Styles (PILS) | a learning styles tool that Zubin Austin adapted in 2003 from Kolb’s theory of learning |
| Phase I clinical trial | research study where drugs are first tested in healthy human subjects |
| generic drug name | the name given to a drug when its patent is approved, assigned prior phase I clinical trials (before assigning a brand name); usually the drug’s name is somehow similar to others in the same class which exert the same activity |
| Phase II clinical trial | research study where drugs are first tested in small groups of human subjects with the disease or condition that the drug is intended to treat |
| Phase III clinical trial | research study where drugs are tested in large groups of human subjects with the disease or condition that the drug is intended to treat |
| brand name | the name given to a drug after phase III clinical trials, when the drug enters the market; name for which the manufacturer receives copyright/trademark rights and markets a drug |
| Phase IV clinical trial | postmarketing research studies for drugs to delineate additional information including its risks, benefits, and optimal use |
| generic substitution | prescriptions that are written in brand names are often egally filled in the pharmacy with generic products |
| major drug class | drugs grouped according to their mechanism of action |
| therapeutic class | individual drug classes lumped together according to their therapeutic use (for a specific condition/disease or on a particular body system) |
| “look-alike” drug name | generic or brand drug name that look similar to one another and could possibly cause errors with product confusion |
| “sound-alike” drug name | generic or brand drug name that sound similar to one another and could possibly cause errors with product confusion |
| legend drug | medication available only by prescription (see also prescription drug) |
| prescription drug | medication available only by prescription (see also legend drug) |
| over-the-counter (OTC) medication | medicatios that can be bought and used without a prescription |
| controlled substance | medicatios that has potential for abuse and dependence |
| Schedule I substance | substances with no legitamate medical use that are illegal or only available for research or experimental purposes |
| Schedule II–V substances | substances with legitimate medical use but that have potential for dependence and abuse; can be legally dispensed with restrictions on numbers of refills and quantities |
| precursor | any substance that is transformed into another substance |
| pregnancy categorization | categorization system developed to help assess risk to the developing fetus of drugs taken when a woman is pregnant |
| teratogenic | drugs that can cause birth defects or malformations in a developing fetus |
| Western medicine | this type of medicine relies on the scientific method, whereby truth is determined only through observation and controlled experimentation; often called traditional medicine |
| Eastern medicine | an older type of medicine that uses many herbs and alternative therapies and recognizes a person’s spiritual being and balance |
| dietary and nutritional supplements | vitamins and herbal products regulated as food, not as drugs |
| homeopathy | an alternative medicine method that treats an ailment with a substance, usually an herb, that causes similar symptoms as the ailment itself |
| acupuncture | the insertion of needles at specific points on the body to unblock energy channels |
| acupressure | the application of pressure at specific points on the body to enhance energy flow |
| chiropractic therapy | the use of nondrug modalities such as manipulation to achieve better body alignment and health |
| ayurveda | a form of East Indian medicine that recognizes five elements (earth, wind, water, fire, ether) and involves spiritual and whole-body well-being; employs changes in diet and lifestyle |
| biofeedback | the use of mental exercise and relaxation, to slow the heartbeat, lower blood pressure, and reduce stomach problems |
| prescribing terms and pharmacy abbreviations | shortened forms of medical terms and drugs |
| medication error | an event in which a patient is harmed (or potentially harmed) by a medication in some way that could have been prevented |
| Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) | a nonprofit organization educating the healthcare community and consumers about safe medication practices |
| dangerous abbreviation | a set of medical abbreviations that are easily misread for a variety of reasons (see also error-prone abbreviations) |
| dosage form | formulation by which a drug is delivered to the body |
| systemic effect | when a drug must enter the bloodstream to reach its site of action |
| local effect | the drug effect seen when administered directly to the site of action (without first traveling through the bloodstream) |
| route of administration | refers to where in or on the body a drug is administered |
| oral | administering a drug by mouth (see also peroral) |
| peroral (PO) | administering a drug by mouth (see also oral) |
| tablet | the solid dosage form produced by compression and containing one or more active and inactive ingredients |
| capsule | the dosage form containing powder, liquid, or granules in a gelatin covering |
| liquid form | a fluid dosage form (usually aqueous) that is used to administer drug therapy either given internally or applied externally |
| syrup | an aqueous solution thickened with a large amount of sugar (generally sucrose) or a sugar substitute such as sorbitol or propylene glycol |
| orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) | tablets that dissolve quickly on the tongue and are absorbed directly in the mouth |
| sublingual | route of administration where the drug is placed under the tongue and it dissolves quickly; drug is absorbed directly in the mouth |
| buccal | route of administration where the drug is placed in the cheek and dissolves quickly; drug is absorbed directly in the mouth |
| solution | liquid containing dissolved substances |
| suspension | liquid containing with particulate matter |
| parenteral | route of administration where drug is injected |
| intramuscular (IM) | route of administration where drug is injected directly in a muscle |
| deltoid | upper arm muscle commonly used for drug administration |
| gluteus medius | buttocks muscle commonly used for drug administration |
| intravenous (IV) | route of administration where drug is injected directly in a vein |
| continuous infusion | a small catheter (plastic tube) is inserted into a vein and left in place while IV fluid containing a drug runs through it into the blood |
| peripheral IV line | an IV inserted into a vein in the arm, wrist, or hand and is used when small amounts of fluid need to be given or the time over which the fluid will infuse is a few days or less |
| central IV line | an IV inserted into one of the larger veins in the upper chest area near the clavicle and is used when large volumes of fluid must be given, many repeated infusions will be needed, or the time over which the infusion is needed is longer than a few days |
| subcutaneous (SQ or SC) | route of administration where drug is injected into the fatty tissue under the dermal layer of the skin and above the muscular tissue |
| intrathecal (IT) | route of administration where drug is injected into the spinal column between vertebrae in the back |
| epidural injection (EI) | injectios using a small catheter to deliver drug directly into the spinal column over time |
| intradermal (ID) | route of administration where drug is injected just underneath the top layer of skin (epidermis) |
| tuberculosis (TB) skin test (PPD) | a test administered to determine if an individual has developed an immune response to the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, a disease of the lungs and other body tissues and organs |
| rectal | a drug administration route where drug is inserted into the rectum and allowed to melt or dissolve in place |
| transdermal | route of administration where a drug delivery system is applied to the skin, so that the drug is slowly absorbed through the skin over time |
| implant | the insertion of drugs just below the skin to release drug slowly over time (months to years). |
| topical | a route of administration used with the intention that the drug will not be systemically absorbed; usually administered to the skin, lung tissue, eyes, and vagina |
| dermal | route of administration where drug is applied topically to the skin |
| inhalation | route of administration where drug is delivered into the lungs by breathing it in through the mouth |
| intranasal | route of administration where drug is sprayed into the nose |
| ophthalmic | route of administration where drug is delivered topically to the eye |
| otic | route of administration where drug is delivered into the external ear canal |
| vaginal | route of administration where drug is delivered by inserting and applying medication into the vagina |
| Chinese Medicine | a type of medicine practice originating in China that uses Eastern medical philosophies of holistic health |
| “five rights” of drug administration | to ensure correct drug administration a technician should verify that it is the right patient, the right drug, the right strength, the right time, and the right route |
| Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) | a law enforcement agency in charge of the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States |
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, |
| Error-Prone Abbreviations | a set of medical abbreviations that are easily misread for a variety of reasons (see also dangerous abbreviation) |
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