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anthropology 300
chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) | Organelles contained within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, into a form that is used by the cell. |
| Ribosomes | Organelles located in the cell's cytoplasm that are essential to the manufacture of proteins. |
| Centrioles | Organelles located in the cell's cytoplasm that help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. |
| Chromosomes | Nuclear organelles made of DNA and other proteins; in eukaryotic cells they are found only in the nucleus. They are the carries of genetic information in the cell. |
| Centromere | The constricted portion of a chromosome. After DNA replication the duplicated chromosome are joined at the centromere. |
| Somatic cells | Diploid body cells (muscle, brain, blood, or bone cells, for example); basically all cells in the body except reproductive cells (gametes) |
| Gametes | Haploid reproductive cells (ova and sperm) produced through meiosis that carry a haploid set of chromosome to the next generation |
| Zygote | Diploid fertilized egg formed by union of haploid egg and sperm |
| Homologous chromosomes | Matching pairs of chromosomes, one member of the pair is inherited from each parent |
| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine sex (and some other traits) |
| Autosomes | All the chromosomes except the pair that determines sex |
| Diploid | Having 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, as in somatic cells (46 in humans) |
| Haploid | Having one of each kind of chromosome, as in gametes (23 in humans) |
| Gene | A sequence of DNA bases on a chromosome that specifies the order of amino acids in an protein or any other functional product |
| Locus/loci | Position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs |
| Allele | Alternate form of a gene |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) | Two-stranded molecule made of chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix |
| Nucleotide | Basic unit of the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four DNA bases. |
| Complementary | Referring to the fact that DNA forms base pairs in a precise manner. Since adenine and thymine can only bond with each other, they are said to be complementary to each other. Cytosine and guanine are another complementary pair. |
| Protein | Molecules made of chains of amino acids; they serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules. |
| Protein synthesis | A process, directed by DNA, in which chains of amino acids are assembled into functional protein molecules. |
| Amino acids | Small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins |
| RNA (Ribonucleic acid) | A molecule similar to DNA, but it is single stranded, with a different sugar, and with uracil replacing thymine. RNA is essential to the production of proteins |
| mRNA (Messenger RNA) | A form of RNA that is assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. It carries the DNA code to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | A form of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and carries them to the ribosome during protein synthesis |
| Replicate | To duplicate. DNA replication takes place prior to any type of cell division. |
| Mitosis | Cell division that leads to the production of somatic cells |
| Meiosis | Cell division that leads to the production of gametes |
| Mutation | A change in DNA. Can refer to changes in DNA bases (see point mutation) as well as to chromosome number and/or structure (see nondisjunction) |
| Point mutation | A change in the DNA base sequence of a gene that can lead to the production of a new protein |
| Nondisjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes or chromosome strands to separate during cell division; results in a cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes |
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bonnie_cp
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