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Physical Science 2
Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the layers of earth's interior? | crust, mantle, outer core, inner core |
| Describe the Earth's core. | densest and hottest layer; generates a magnetic field; outer-liquid; inner-solid; made of iron and nickel |
| Describe the Earth's mantle. | majority of earth's mass; more dense and hot than crust; lithosphere-more like crust; asthenosphere- thick, plastic-like |
| Describe the Earth's crust. | least dense; coolest; thinnest; rock silicate material |
| What is the difference between the crust and the lithosphere? | Although both are similar in composition, the lithosphere is not considered a layer |
| Explain the principle of superposition. | The lowest rock is the oldest. |
| Explain the principle of original horizonality. | because of gravity, rocks are originally layered horizontally. |
| Explain the law of crosscutting relationships. | The layer that cuts into other layers must be younger than the layers it cuts into. |
| Explain inclusions. | If there are small parts of rocks from underneath, they must also be older. |
| Explain the principle of lateral continuity. | rocks extend laterally in all directions. |
| Explain the principle of faunal succession. | fossils are relative in age based on the rock they are deposited in. |
| how is relative dating different from absolute dating? | relative dating gives you age in relation to other things; absolute dating gives an exact age. |
| Describe index fossils. | fossils that can be used to identify age in relation to other fossils and rock layers. |
| describe radiometric dating | using decay rates of radiometric isotopes to determine exact age. |
| what characteristics does a fossil have to have in order to be considered a useful index fossil? | abundance, easily recognizable, small, embedded in rock; short lifespan |
| what factors do geologists have to consider when choosing what type of radiometric dating method to use on a sample? | contamination; age; loss or gain of isotopes |
| what are 3 reasons why a particular radiometric dating method may not work for a particular sample? | no isotopes; contamination, metamorphosis |
| Define fossils | preserved remains of animals or plants. |
| Define the principle of uniformitarianism. | scientific facts observed today are true for history as well. |
| Define unconformity. | erosional surface that separates rocks of different ages; showing that rocks weren't continuousy deposited. |
| What is the fossil record? | preserved remains for animals and plants from an area. |
| What is the rock record? | rocks that currently exist. |
| What are the limitations of the rock and fossil record? | hard parts over-represented. |
| How is the principle of uniformitarianism used to learn about Earth's history? | current geology is unchanged from history |
| What are the four main spans of geologic time? | Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
| What happened during the Precambrian era? | single-celled organisms |
| What happened during the Paleozoic Era? | Plants and invertebrates, mass extinction |
| What happened during the Mesozoic Era? | dinosaurs, mass extinction |
| What happened during the Cenozoic Era? | human evolution |
| What is a mass extinction? | widespread death on earth |
| What are the five characteristics that all minerals have? | solid, crystalline, homogenous, natural, inorganic |
| Four examples of silicate minerals | feldspar, mica, talc, garnet |
| two types of minerals | silicate and nonsilicate |
| four examples of nonsilicate minerals. | pyrite, halite, calcite, sulfer |
| three main rock types | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| How does each type of rock form? | igneous-melting of magma, cooling; sedimentary-cementing and compacting, lithification; metamorphic-change, morph |
| What is the rock cycle? | cycle of processes undergone by rocks |
| compare and contrast weathering and erosion | both agents of wind, water, and ice; weathering breaks rocks down, erosion moves them. |
| compare and contrast mechanical and chemical weathering | chemical weathering breaks down composition, mechanical breaks down size, shape, or color |
| what are the main agents of erosion? | wind, water, waves, ice |
| How do S and P waves help us understand the interior of Earth? | waves travel more quickly through dense materials. |
| Wegener's contemporaries didn't believe him because | not a geologist, no driving force |
| evidence Wegener used to support his ideas | continents line up, fossils, and climatology |
| reverse polarity | Earth's magnetic field reverses and changes direction of shifting |
| continental-continental boundaries | two continental plates collide and buckle or compress; sometimes subduction |
| continental-oceanic boundaries | oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, oceanic plate subducts |
| oceanic-oceanic boundaries | two oceanic plates collide and create an island arc, one plate subducts |
| divergent boundaries vs. convergent boundaries | divergent-plates are moving apart; convergent-plates are moving together |
| why are transform boundaries usually found perpendicular to divergent plate boundaries? | transform plates slide past each other; divergent plates slide away from each other |
| What causes convection cells in the mantle and how do they drive plate tectonics? | lower mantle rocks are heated and become less dense causing them to rise, which creates vertical currents in the mantle |
| What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault? | continental transform fault |
| What percentage of Earth's water is groundwater or groundwater? | 2.5% freshwater, 0.6% groundwater |
| What is the water table and what happens when it meets the ground surface? | level below the ground that is saturated with water; creates visible bodies of water when it meets earth's surface |
| How does groundwater movement result in caverns? | carbonic acid in groundwater dissolves limestone |
| Describe 3 ways flowing water erodes a stream channel. | water moves sediments, water corrodes sediments, water erode bedrock |
| Where does most deposition occur in streams and why? | point bar, where current is the slowest |
| Compare and contrast deltas and alluvial fans | both are sedimentary landforms; alluvial-intermixed gravel, sand, and small rocks; deltas- sediments from streams or rivers. |
| What is a dune? | a mound of sand or sediment formed by wind |
| What factors affect the shape and size of a dune? | sand supply, wind directions |
| What conditions are necessary to form a dune | wind, vegetation, sand |
| what is a glacier? | slowly moving mass of ice |
| what affects the size of a glacier | mass balance, precipitation |
| What makes a glacier larger or smaller? | snow falls to make them bigger, warmth makes them smaller |
| how is a valley formed by an alpine glacier different from a valley formed by a river or stream? | glaciers-u shaped; river or stream-v shaped |
| Describe striations | ridges or linear marks |
| describe cirques | bowl-shaped rock valley |
| describe aretes | knife-like ridge of rock |
| describe a horn | sharp peak formed by 3 or more cirques |
| describe a hanging valley | joins a main valley, usually by erosion |
| describe a rouche moutonee | bedrock that was passed over by a glacier |
| describe a moraine | debris on the side of a glacier |
| describe an esker | long, winding ridge of sand and gravel |
| describe a kettle lake | shallow, sediment filled body of water |
| describe a drumlin | elongated hill in the shape of a half buried egg |
| What are the percentages of the 3 most common gases in earth's atmosphere? | nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, argon <1% |
| What is the difference between humidity and relative humidity? | humidity-actual amount of water vapor; relative humidity-ratio of actual amount |
| layers of the atmosphere | troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere |
| Why are high temperatures associated with the thermosphere? | nitrogen and oxygen absorb radiation from space and convert it to heat |
| Where is the ozone layer and what does it absorb? | stratosphere; UV rays |
| Why is the greenhouse effect important for life on earth? | it keeps earth's surface warm |
| What are some actions that can increase greenhouse effect? | burning fossil suels |
| What are the negative effects of an increased greenhouse effect? | too much radiation, earth would overheat |
| What does coriolis effect have to do with hurricanes? | Northern Hemisphere deflects wind to the right, Southern Hemisphere deflects wind to the left |
| What is the underlying cause of atmospheric circulation? | uneven heating of earth's surface changes air movement and atmospheric pressure |
| What is the relationship between temperature and pressure in the atmosphere? | they are directly proportional |
| How are pressure and temperature related to the Kinetic Molecular Theory? | KE of a particle depends on temperature |
| Describe air movement in cold and warm fronts | cold-fast and sloped; warm-slow and lifted |
| What energy is released by a hurricane and is it considered a cyclone or an anticyclone? | large latent heat of water, cyclone |
| Compare and contrast cyclones and anticyclones. | Cyclone-low atmospheric pressure; anticyclone-high atmospheric pressure |
| Why must an air mass rise in order to produce precipitation? | to cool it down. cold air cannot hold as much moisture |
| Is severe weather most likely from a warm front or a cold front? | cold fronts are quicker and have rapid uplift |
| What are the source regions of air masses for North America and what weather is associated with each? | cT: warm, cP: cold, cA: very cold, mP: cold, mT: warm |
| How do ocean waves form? | wind |
| Describe water movement as waves pass. | vertical circle |
| Why do waves break along the shoreline? | base of the wave cannot support the top |
| What factors determine the directions of ocean surface currents? | wind direction/rotation, coriolis effect, surrounding landforms. |
| what factors determine the directions of deep ocean currents? | density differences |
| why does water at the pole sink? | ocean water is denser near the poles because it is not warmed by the sun as much |
| why do surface currents in northern and southern hemispheres flow in opposite directions? | coriolis force |
| how can ocean surface currents affect the climate of a region? | water chills or heats the air |
| why is upwelling and why is it important? | rising of seawater, magma or other liquid; brings nutrients to the surface |
| Describe the origin of the universe according to the big bang theory. | catacalysmic explosion 10-20 billion years ago of small volume of matter at high density and temperature |
| What are the three main pieces of evidence that support the big bang theory? | redshift, cosmic background radiation, and light element abundance |
| define elliptical galaxies | shape of a spheroid |
| define irregular galaxies | no specific form and low mass |
| define quasars | starlike; most distant, luminous objects in universe |
| define spiral galaxies | spiral structure |
| define galaxy | system of millions or billions of stars held together by gravitational attraction |
| define hubble's law | Objects in the universe move apart from each other; the farther away, the faster they move |
| define local group | group of galaxies that includes milky way |
| define light-year | astronomical distance unit based on distance light travels in a year |
| define spacetime | time is another dimension that can be warped in space |
| what does the color of a star indicate? | intensity of emitted energy; more energy at blue, less at red |
| wha is nuclear fusion and how does it relate to stars? | nuclear reaction in which a heavier nucleus is formed; luminous energy of stars come from nuclear reactions in the center |
| What is the difference between apparent magnitude and luminosity? | luminosity-energy radiated each second in all directions; apparent magnitude-how bright an object appears |
| How does the Hurtzprung-Russell Diagram classify stars? | absolute luminosity vs. spectral types & temperatures |
| Stages of evolution for stars like our sun | nebula-main sequence-red giant-planetary nebula-white dwarf |
| stages of evolution for massive stars | nebula-main sequence-red supergiant-supernova-neutron star if highmass, black hole if very high mass |
| describe the structure of the sun | core, radiative zone, convective zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona, sunspots, granulation, prominence |
| characteristics of the sun | population 1 star, differential rotation, no definite boundary, not directly observable |
| How does the moon's position determine the phase observed from earth? | its position in relation to the sun |
| why does the same face of the moon always face earth? | earth has influenced the moon's rotation and slowed it down to match earth's orbit |
| under what conditions does a solar eclipse occur? | at New Moon, when the moon is between earth and sun |
| Under what conditions does a lunar eclipse occur? | at Full Moon, when the earth is between sun and moon |
| How does the gravitational pull from both the sun and the moon affect the tides on earth? | both pull on water, causing high and low tides |
| Name the terrestrial planets | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars |
| Name the Jovian planets | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
| Describe Mercury | Smallest planet, fastest orbit |
| describe venus | hottest planet, similar to earth in size and mass |
| describe earth | densest plant, high in iron |
| describe mars | red surface, largest volcano |
| describe jupiter | immense size, great red spot, most moons |
| describe saturn | great white spot, rings, least dense |
| describe uranus | rotates on its side |
| describe neptune | great dark spot, violent hurricanes, not visible to naked eye |
| what is a comet? | small solar system that orbits the sun; visible coma; rises and sets with the sun |
| what is an asteroid? | small solar system that orbits the sun; no visible coma; orbits the sun at 3au |
| what is a meteorite? | small rock or particle of debris in our solar system; visibile as a bright streak of light |
| why is pluto no longer considered a planet? | a planet must have cleared its orbit |
| describe an asteroid belt | between mars and Jupiter; hundreds of throusands of asteroids in a huge ring |
| describe a Kuiper belt | beyond planets; contains many asteroids, comets, and other small bodies made of ice |
| describe an oort cloud | beyond Kuiper belt: sphere of comets that circle the sun at a great distance |
| define waxing in a lunar cycle | amount of lighted area increases |
| define waning in a lunar cycle | amount of lighted area decreases |
| what contributed to the development of the ozone layer? | photosynthesis |
| What is the nebular theory? | the theory of the formation of the solar system |
| What and when are spring tides? | Full or New Moon, moon and sun's gravitational forces are combined and tides are higher and lower |
| What and when are Neap Tides? | first quarter and last quarter; Sun and Moon's pulls are working against each other |
| What happens during an equionox? | "equal night"-night and day are nearly the same length all over the globe |
| What happens during a solstice? | one of the poles is farthest or closest to the sun |
| When is the Spring (Vernal) Equinox? | March 20 or 21 |
| When and what is the Summer Solstice in Northern Hemisphere? | June 21-pole is closest to the sun in the northern hemisphere and farthest from the sun in the southern hemisphere |
| When is the Autumn equinox? | September 22 |
| When and what is the Winter Solstice in Northern Hemisphere? | December 20 or 22-pole is farthest from the sun in the northern hemisphere and closest to the sun in the southern hemisphere. |
| put these in order by size: group, sun, universe, Milky Way, Jupiter, supercluster, solar system, Earth, | universe, supercluster, group, Milky Way, solar system, sun, Jupiter, earth |
| what does blue-shifted mean? | moving toward earth |
| what does red-shifted mean? | moving away from earth |
| what are the properties of minerals? | crystal form, hardness, cleavage, density, streak |
| What are the two types of igneous rocks? | intrusive and extrusive |
| describe intrusive igneous rocks | slow cooling; large crystals; underground formation |
| describe extrusive igneous rocks | cools quickly,small crystals, above ground formation |
| what are the two types of sedimentary rock? | clastic and chemical |
| describe clastic sedimentary rock | sediment; pieces of rock |
| describe chemical sedimentary rock | crystallization from solution or living things |
| what are the two types of metamorphic rock? | foliated and nonfoliated |
| describe foliated metamorphic rock | layers of minerals |
| describe nonfoliated metamorphic rock | single mineral recrystallized; no melting or dissolving |
| how are intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks formed? | extrusive-lava, intrusive-magma |
| how are sedimentary rocks formed? | weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification |
| how are metamorphic rocks formed? | heat and pressure causes a reaction within the rock |
| what kind of stress do transform boundaries have? | shear stress |
| what kind of stress do convergent boundaries have? | compressional stress |
| what kind of stress do divergent boundaries have? | tensional stress |
| What do P-waves travel through? | solids, liquids, or gases |
| what do S-waves travel through? | solids |
| where do Love and Rayeigh waves occur? | only on the surface |
| How old is the earth? | 4.6 billion years old |
| What is karst topography? | areas where caverns, caves, and sinkholes occur |
| What are the steps of the hydrologic cycle? | heat from the sun speeds up molecules, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff or infiltration |
| What is an aquifer? | reservoirs of water |
| what is a spring? | water coming out of the ground |
| What is found in an unsaturated zone of the water table? | moist soil |
| what is found in a saturated zone of the water table? | groundwater |
| what is a perched water table? | pools on top of clay |
| What is land subsidence? | lowering of land due to pumping of wells |
| what is a sinkhole? | a funnel shaped hole in the ground |
| describe the troposphere | where we are; thinnest layer; weather |
| describe the stratosphere | thicker; ozone layer; UV ray absorption, warms up beyond ozone |
| describe the mesosphere | middle layer; temp decreases with altitude |
| describe the thermosphere | absorbs x-ray and UV radiation and Gamma Rays; temp increase |
| What is the Ionosphere? | not a true layer of the atmosphere; electrified |
| Describe the exosphere | where satellites orbit |
| What is an air mass? | a volume of air that remains in tact as it travels |
| What is a front? | where air masses meet |
| describe a protostar | when hydrogen come together due to gravity and temp heats up; fusion starts |
| describe a main sequence star | fusing to for Helium |
| What occurs in a red giant? | thermal expansion; high luminosity |
| describe a supernova | iron fusion; collapse of core; explosion |
| describe white dwarfs | when out of Hydrogen, begins carbon fusion; low luminosity |
| what is a nebulae | clouds of gas and dust; creates small stars |
| what is a neutron star | core of a massive star collapses until only subatomic particles |
| what is a pulsar | spinning neutron star; emits radio waves @ regular intervals |
| what is a black hole? | singularity with high density |
| what are the sizes of stars from smallest to largest | M, K, G, F, A, B, O |
| what is dark energy? | energy that cannot be observed |
| what is gravitational lensing? | when light bends around massive objects |
| what is the principle of equivalence? | acceleration mimics gravity |
| what are sunspots | intense magnetic fields |
| describe the terrestrial planets | rocky; greater density |
| describe the jovian planets | colder, less dense, way bigger |
| How was the moon formed? | Earth impacted a small object and the collision formed the earth and the moon |
| how long does it take for earth to orbit the sun? | one year |
| what determines earth's seasons? | tilted axis |
| how often does the moon orbit the earth? | once a month |
| how long does it take for the moon to make one rotation? | one month |
| what are data? | facts and statistics that have been collected |
| What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? | qualitative describes something; quantitative is numerical |
| what is a model? | 3d representation of something; typically on a smaller scale |
| what are some reasons that scientists use models? | to make exact observations and predictions |
| what is a controlled experiment? | control group and experimental group; finding an exact factor |
| what is an observational study? | drawing inferences from studies |
| what is a field study? | collecting information outside of the office |
| what is a laboratory study? | research done in a lab |
| What SI unit is used for mass? | kg-kilogram |
| what SI unit is used for length? | m-meter |
| what SI unit is used for electric current? | A-ampere |
| what SI unit is used for temperature? | k-kelvin |
| what SI unit is used for time? | s-second |
| what unit is used for energy? | J-joule |
| what unit is used for power? | W-watt |
| what unit is used for force? | N-newton |
| what tools measure length? | meter stick, measuring tape |
| what tools measure mass? | electronic scale or balance |
| what tools measure weight? | spring balance |
| what tools measure current? | ammeter |
| what tools measure voltage? | volt meter |
| what tools measure volume of a liquid? | graduated cylinder |
| what tools measure temperature | thermometer |
| define hypothesis | educated guess |
| define theory | ideas intended to explain something |
| define law | an observed phenomenon |
| define fact | an idea that has been tested and proven |
| what is Newton's first law of motion? | everything stays in motion or at rest; inertia |
| what is Newton's second law of motion? | f=ma |
| what is Newton's third law of motion? | for every action is an equal and opposite reaction |
| what is gravitational potential energy? | potential energy due to being higher off of the ground |
| what is chemical potential energy? | potential energy within chemical bonds |
| what is electrical potential energy? | like a battery |
| what is the law of conservation of momentum? | momentum cannot be created or destroyed |
| what are elastic collisions? | total kinetic energy is maintained |
| what are inelastic collisions? | some kinetic energy is changed to another form |
| what is the law of conservation of energy? | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| what is Coulomb's law? | explains the relationship between two charges. charge, charge, distance relationship |
| whatis the zeroth law of thermodynamics? | thermal equilibrium |
| what is the first law of thermodynamics? | conservation of matter and energy |
| what is the second law of thermodynamics? | energy tends to disperse into disorganized form |
| what is the third law of thermodynamics? | entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches zero |
| define amplitude | height from the middle of the wave to the top |
| define wavelength | distance between top of one wave to top of next wave |
| define frequency | rate at which vibration occurs |
| define period | time required for a complete cycleof vibration to pass |
| define reflection | bouncing of waves |
| define refraction | change in direction of a wave passing through a medium caused by change in speed |
| define diffraction | spreading of waves due to an interference that is comparable in size |
| how are net forces determined? | sum of forces acting on the objects |
| how does magnetic force affect charged particles or objects? | potential energy is stored in the magnetic field |
| whatis Einstein's universal law of gravitation? | any 2 objects with mass in universe exert a gravitational pull on one another |
| what is Einstein's theory of relativity? | space and time are the fabric of the universe |
| what is wave-particle duality? | all matter have mass and transfer energy |
| define voltage | difference in charge between two points |
| define current | flow of electric charge |
| define resistance | opposition of the passage of electric current |
| what causes as electrical current? | loose electrons |
| contrast parallel and series circuits | parallel have more pathways; series have one |
| what three atomic particles make up an atom? | proton, neutron, electron |
| define atomic number | # of protons in the nucleus |
| define mass number | # of protons and neutrons |
| define isotope | different forms of the same element; different numbers of neutrons |
| define valence electrons | outer shell of electrons |
| what are the four main types of chemical bonding? | ionic, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, metallic |
| what is ionic bonding | between metal and nonmetal; metal gives to nonmetal |
| what is nonpolar covalent bonding? | 2 of same nonmetal; electrons are shared |
| what is polar covalent bonding? | 2 nonmetals; unequal sharing |
| is ammonia organic or inorganic? | inorganic |
| is salt organic or inorganic? | inorganic |
| is sugar organic or inorganic? | organic |
| is DNA organic or inorganic? | organic |
| what are some signs that a chemical change has occurred? | gas or bubbles, heat, light, sound, change in color, taste, or smell |
| describe a homogenous mixture | components are uniformly distributed; air, blood, sugar water |
| describe a heterogenous mixture | components are not uniform; rocks, oil and water, soup, pizza |
| define a solution | a liquid mixture |
| define a solute | dissolved into the solvent |
| define a solvent | able to dissolve other substances |
| what happens to the motion of particles in a substance as you heat it? | motion increases and speeds up, expansion |
| what happens to the motion of particles in a substance as you cool it? | movement is slowed, condensation |
| define reactants | undergoes change in a reaction |
| define products | formed during a reaction |
| explain the law of conservation of mass | mass cannot be created or destroyed |
| what is a mole in chemistry | unit of measurement used to express amounts of a substance |
| what is an acid? | sour taste, react w/ bases to form salt |
| what is a base? | bitter taste, reacts w/ acids to form salts |
| what is oxidation? | chemically combining with oxygen |
| what is reduction? | gaining of electrons |
| what is a period on the periodic table? | horizontal row |
| what is a group or family on the periodic table? | a vertical column |
| where are metals located on the periodic table? | on the left and middle |
| where are nonmetals located on the periodic table? | upper right side |
| where are metalloids on the periodic table? | along the line between metals and nonmetals |
| where are alkali metals located on the periodic table? | group 1 |
| where are alkaline earth metals located on the periodic table? | group 2 |
| where are the transition metals on the periodic table? | groups 3-12 |
| where are the chalcogens located on the periodic table? | group 16 |
| where are the halogens located on the periodic table? | group 17 |
| where are noble gases located on the periodic table? | group 18 |
| what is the formula for momentum? | momentum=mass x velocity |
| what happens during an elastic collision between two objects of the same mass? | equal transfer of momentum |
| what happens during an elastic collision between two objects of different masses? | 1/2 of momentum is transferred |
| what happens during an inelastic collision between two objects? | momentum is transferred |
| what are transverse waves? | perpendicular to wave |
| what type of waves are light, water, and s-waves? | transverse |
| what are longitudinal waves? | compression and expansion |
| what type of waves are sound and p-waves? | longitudinal |
| how do you know if a chemical change has occurred? | change in color, change in energy, new state of matter, change in properties |
| is dissolving sugar into water a physical change or a chemical change? | physical |
| what is an element? | a substance made up of only one type of atom |
| what is an amu? | an atomic mass unit |
| what is in the nucleus of an atom? | protons and neutrons |
| what is in the electron cloud of an atom? | electrons |
| describe a neutral atom | an atom that has an equal number of protons and electrons |
| explain the energy levels of electron shells | first shell: 2 second and third shell: 8 fourth and fifth shell: 16 |
| what are valence electrons? | electons in the outermost shell? |
| what are isotopes? | same atomic number, different mass numbers; different # of neutrons |
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