click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
OAT - Chem
Chapter 9 - Solutions
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Solutions | homogeneous mixtures of substances that combine to form a single phase (liquid usually); solute dissolved in solvent |
Solvent | is in greater quantity and phase remains the same after mixing |
Solute | move about freely in solvent and interacts w other molecules/ions |
Solvation/Dissolution | interaction btwn solute and solvent molecules; results in aqueous soln/hydration when water is solvent |
Solubility | max amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent as a particular temp |
Saturated | when max amount of solute has been added and soln is in equilibrium |
Dilute | when proportion of solute to solvent is small |
Concentrated | when proportion of solute to solvent is large |
Solubility Rules | 1. alkali metals, ammonium (NH4+), chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, CaO SrO BaO, are water soluble 2. carbonates, phosphates, sulfites, sulfides, hydroxides, and metal oxides insoluble |
-ous | lesser charge like ferrous is Fe2+ |
-ic | larger charge like cupric is Cu2+ |
Monotomic Anion ending | -ide like phosphide is P3- and nitride N3- |
Nitrite | NO2- |
Nitrate | NO3- |
Sulfite | SO3 2- |
Sulfate | SO4 2- |
Hypochlorite | HCLO- |
chlorite | HCLO2- |
chlorate | HCLO3- |
Perchlorate | HCLO4- |
Dihydrogen Phosphate | H2PO4- |
Phosphate | PO4-3 |
Carbonate | CO3-2 |
Permanganate | MnO4- |
Chromate | CrO4-2 |
Strong electrolyte | conductive and dissociates completely into ions like HCl and NaCl in water |
Weak electrolyte | ionizes/hydrolyzes incompletely in water like weak acids, weak bases, HgCl2 |
Nonelectrolytes | do not ionize at all in water; like nonpolar gases, O2 and sugar |
Concentration (defn) | amount of solute dissolved in solvent |
Percent Composition | (mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100 |
Mole Fraction | number of moles of compound/total moles of system; sum of mole fractions = 1 |
Molarity | mol/L |
Molality | mol solute/kg solvent |
Normality | gram equivalent of solute/L solution; molarity of the ion of interest |
Dilution | when one adds solvent to a high concentation soln to make a lower concentration soln; MVi=MVf |
Solubility Product Constant Ksp | Ksp = [An+]m[Bm-]n |
Qsp > Ksp | supersaturated solution, precipitate will occir |
Qsp < Ksp | no precipitate will occur, dissolution until soln is saturated |
Qsp = Ksp | saturated soln |