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Unit 3 chap 19
Small Animal Medical Nursing Objectives 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the "Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare" | 1. Freedom from hunger and Thirst 2. Freedom from discomfort 3. Freedom from Pain, injury or disease 4. Freedom to express normal behavior 5. Freedom from fear and distress |
| Freedom from hunger and thirst | by providing access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor |
| Freedom from Discomfort | by providing an appropriate environment, including shelter and a comfortable resting area |
| Freedom from Pain, Injury, or Disease | by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment |
| Freedom to Express Normal Behavior | by providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of the animal's own kind |
| Freedom from Fear and Distress | by ensuring conditions and treatment that wvoid mental suffering |
| The Veterinary Technician Practice Model | 1. Gather patient data 2. Identify and prioritize technician evaluations 3. Develop nursing care plan 4. re-evaluate patient |
| The Veterinary Technician Practice Model | provides a structured nursing process to ensure that consistently excellent care is provided to each and every patient |
| Step 1 Gathering patient data | technician gathers subjective and objective patient data known as the database |
| Step 2 identify and prioritize tech evals | a clinical judgment regarding the physiologic and psychological needs of the patient this is called "technician evaluation" |
| "technician evaluation" is based on | the technicians independent critical thinking and analysis of the gathered data |
| technician evaluations fall into three broad categories | 1. identification of actual problems 2. risk of future problems 3. and level of client knowledge or coping abilities that may or may not impair at-home-care of the pet |
| Step 3 develop nursing care plan | each evaluation is accompanied by one or more interventions to help achieve the desired patient outcome |
| Step 4 Re-evaluate patient | the care plan is continuously revised as the patient responds to the interventions and new evals are identified based on changes in patient status |
| Etiology | the study of the causation or origination of disease |
| pathogenesis | the mechanism of development of a disease it can be acute or chronic |
| overall process for disease can be summarized as | etiology-pathogenesis-lesions-clinical signs |
| lesions | a bodies response to acute or chronic disease, resulting in injury to cells and body tissues |
| clinical signs | the outward cues that result from the disease process |
| Respiratory Disease result in | inflammation, irritation and obstruction or restriction of the airway |
| nasal discharge results from | inflammation or irritation of the nasal mucosa and can be different viscosities |
| nasal and sinus congestion is caused by | inflammation of the epithelial tissue that lines the nasal and sinus passages and increased production of mucus by epthelial cells lead to narrowing, thus "stuffy nose" |
| a sneeze | an involuntary, spasmodic, forcible expulsion of air from the mouth and nose in an effort to expel respiratory irritants |
| a cough | forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth either reflexive or conscious action resulting from inflammation to pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi or pleura |
| the difference between upper and lower airway disease | upper airway disease exhibit increased inspiratory effort and take slow, deep breaths |
| the difference between upper and lower airway disease | patients with lower airway disease typically exhibit increased expiratory effort and have shallow, rapid breaths |
| patients with pleural effusion | have restricted breathing because the presence of fluid in the thoracic cavity causes compression of the lung tissue and inadequate lung expansion |
| hypoxia is defined as | deficient oxygenation of tissues and can result from reduced blood flow, decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, hypoventilation or pneumonia |
| Heart disease is | a pathologic abnormality that affects the myocardium, the valves, rhythm condition or the overall structure of the heart |
| the progression of cardiovascular disease is | as time progresses the compensatory mechanisms sustaining cardiac output eventually fail resulting in heart failure and poor tissue perfusion |
| The first sign that heart disease has progressed to heart failure is | tachypnea |
| a patient with heart disease may have | tachycardia, a weak bounding aynchronous femoral pulse, heart murmur and/or an arrhythmia |
| a patient with heart failure may have | tachypnea, exercise intolerance, syncope, weakness, prolonged CRT, pale mucous membranes. Cats-anorexia, depression, weight loss. |
| congestive heart failure results when | decreased cardiac output and tissue hypoxia cause poor venous return, leading to fluid overload (congestion) |
| If the left side of the heart is damaged it is termed | left-sided congestive heart failure and fluid backs up into the lungs causing plueral effusion |
| If the right side of the heart is damaged it is termed | right-sided CHF with congestion occurring in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
| Most common forms of heart disease in dogs and cats are | cardiomyopathy, degenerative Atrioventricular valve disease (dogs), heartworm disease, systemic hypertension |
| cardiomyopathy is a | disease of the heart muscle either primary or secondary |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common form of | feline cardiomyopathy, increased thickness of the left ventricle wall and small ventricular lumen. susceptible to FATE |
| dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common | canine cardiomyopathy, extreme atrial and ventricular dilatation with decreased contractility. damage primarily on the left side |
| degenerative atrioventricular valve disease affects the | cardiac valves and is characterized by thickening of the tissue |
| heartworm disease | a mosquito-borne infectious disease in both dogs (antigen test) and cats (unisex infection is common antigen not reliable) |
| systemic hypertension is defined as | an increase in systemic blood pressure with secondary disease affecting the majority of the population |
| Diseases primarily leading to secondary hypertension include | kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus |
| regurgitation is | the passive expulsion of material from the mouth, pharynx or esophagus usually consisting of undigested food. these patients are at risk for aspiration pneumonia |
| vomiting is defined as | the forceful expulsion of contents from the stomach and the upper small intestine; an active process requiring abdominal contractions accompanying nausea, anxiety, hypersalivation |
| hematemesis | the vomiting of fresh or digested blood |
| diarrhea is characterized by | the frequent passage of loose, unformed, often watery stool |
| constipation is characterized by | the infrequent and often difficult passage of hard stool |
| important questions to ask regarding vomiting, diarrhea, constipation are | duration, consistency, severity, frequency, amount and quality |
| hematochezia is | the presence of blood in the feces; indicates a problem with the colon or rectum |
| melena is defined as | the presence of digested blood in the feces, characterized by black tarry color. Indicative of upper GI bleeding ie ulcers, endoparasites |
| tenesmus is defined as | painful straining at urination or defecation |
| pancreatitis occurs when | the digestive enzyme trypsin is prematurely activated within the pancreatic tissue instead of within the duodenum, resulting in local inflammation and necrosis as well as focal peritonitis |
| exocrine pancreatic insufficiency EPI is caused by | insufficient production and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
| acute pancreatitis most common in dogs is characterized by | anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and fever; diagnosed relies on lab work and imaging. |
| chronic pancreatitis most common in cats is characterized by | anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, hypothermia and vomiting to include severe organ failure; definitive diagnosis made from pancreatic biopsy |
| EPI is commonly caused by | chronic pancreatitis. loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of ingested nutrients |
| clinical signs of EPI include but are not limited to | polyphagia (increased appetite), weight loss and chronic diarrhea, greasy hair coat, vit B deficiency. |
| Treatment of EPI includes | replacement of pancreatic enzymes with each meal |
| Hepatobiliary system includes disease of the | liver and gall bladder |
| sever hepatobiliary disease can lead to | hepatic encephalopathy |
| hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is | when the brain is exposed to GI toxins such as ammonia as a consequence of decreased liver function |
| clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy will include | altered mentation, head pressing, hypersalivation, circling, ataxia, seizures, blindness, behavior changes, lethargy and coma |
| HE is characterized by | increased liver enzymes, bilirubin, ammonia, and bile acids and decreases in glucose, albumin and BUN. UA findings include bilirubin and ammonia biurate crystals |
| feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL) is characterized by an | accumulation of lipids or fats within the cytoplasm or more than 80% of hepatocytes |
| FHL is caused by | a derangement of lipid metabolism associated with anorexia for an extended period of time |
| canine chronic hepatitis (CH) is defined as | inflammation of the liver tissues indicating a history of liver disease over a long period of time usually 4-6 months |
| CH is usually caused by | viral infection, leptospirosis, copper storage disease and hepatotoxic drugs. |
| clinical signs of CH include | vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss and PU/PD, icterus, ascites, GI ulcerations and/or hepatic encephalopathy |
| portosystemic shunt (PSSs) are | extrahepatic or intrahepatic vascular abnormalities that connect portal and systemic circulations |
| the two types of PSS are | Extrahepatic shunts (congenital)or Intrahepatic shunts congenital and acquired (secondary to portal hypertension) |
| feline cholangitis refers to | inflammation of the bile ducts |
| inflammation that spreads to the liver is termed | cholangiohepatitis acute or chronic |
| inflammation of the bile ducts | cholangitis |
Created by:
tnewhouse
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