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Funeral History #4
Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Native American tribe believed in people having 4 souls? | The Santee Sioux of Dakota held this belief. |
| What was the function of the 4 souls? | 2 souls had bearing on death: 1 would never leave the body/vicinity of the death. 1 set out, at death, on a 4-day journey to the 'land of the spirits.' Both had ghost-like qualities; mourners had to offer sacrifices, gifts, a feast. |
| What tribe would mutilate themselves during mourning? | The Santee Sioux of Dakota would cut gashes in their thighs and forearms. Women would chop their hair and refuse to comb it. Men would paint their faces & refuse to wash until they killed an enemy or provide a feast in honor of the deceased. |
| What were the funeral rituals of the Sioux? | Women washed the body. The face was painted red for preservation & decoration. Lock of hair was cut & given to the family. Body was clothed in best robes, wrapped in blanket in which possessions were tucked. Men built platforms for Open Air Burial. |
| What was the "Open Air Burial," and how long did this period last? | Men constructed a platform on which the body was place, for a period of one year. At the end of the year, the body was taken down for an earth burial. The earth burial was very important to show respect for deceased & fear of his spirit. |
| What Native American tribe felt that death was the end of everything good? | The Navajos held this belief. They were concerned with warding off death, with rituals and chants performed around the sick person. |
| Who practice violent expressions of grief? | This was a ritual practiced by the Sioux. The Navajo tried to ward off death. |
| What were the funeral rituals of the Navajo? | Close family washed & dressed the body in best clothes. Ground burial, usually day after death, with possessions. The place of death was never to be used again; if in home, the home would be burned. 4 day mourning, conducting purification rites. |
| Who had Open-Air Burials? | The Sioux had these burials. The Navajo immediately buried their dead. |
| Who buried the dead in their best robes? | Both the Sioux and the Navajo buried their dead this way. |
| Who buried the dead with weapons and possessions? | Both the Sioux and the Navajo buried their dead this way. |
| When was the Virginia Colony founded, and where? | This American Colony was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, for commercial reasons. |
| When was the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded, by whom, and where? | This American Colony was founded in 1620, by the Pilgrims, in Plymouth, for religious reasons. |
| True or false: the Virginia Colonists had a problem with the Church of England. | False. They incorporated the religion into their government. |
| True or false: the Massachusetts Bay Colonists had a problem with the Church of England? | True. They rejected the Church & other established sects and sought freedom to develop their own religious beliefs and practices. |
| What was the Road to Salvation? | Also called the Keys to Salvation, this was an ideology based on hard work, industriousness, and goodness. This became known as the "Protestant Work Ethic. |
| How did American Colonists view death? | Death was considered an inevitable and natural part of life. |
| What are Epitaphs? | These were cleaver sayings about one's life, written on gravestones. |
| What was the "Skull & Crossbones" used for? | This was a symbol of death in early New England, marked on the gravestones of the dead. As time went on, people made a change to a more peaceful symbol of the "Winged Cherub." |
| In a typical colonial funeral, who made the coffin? | The coffins were made of wood (type depended on social position of the dead) and were build by carpenters. |
| What is Coffin Furniture? | These were handles and decorations that were imported from England around the mid-18th century. |
| Who dug the graves for colonial funerals? | This was a task generally performed by the neighbors. |
| True or false: Colonial families left the funeral before their lowering of the coffin. | False. The families walked behind the coffin (if a coffin was used), mourners watched the coffin be lowered into the grave, and watched the dirt be filled in. |
| True or false: People still usually watch the coffin lowered into the ground? | False. These practices is usually not observed today. |
| How did the Sexton differ between England and the American Colonies? | The Sexton was paid for his services in the colonies. Still performed the same tasks of overseeing the digging and announcing deaths with a bell toll. |
| How were funeral bills sometimes paid for in the colonies? | Funeral bills often listed liquor as one of the expenses. Many professionals were paid in wine or rum. |
| Whose responsibility was it to house out of town visitors? | It was the the widow or widower's responsibility to house and feed visitors. This could lead to great expenses for the spouse/family of the deceased. |
Created by:
kellyrb
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