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Lecture 48
Cancer
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Incidence | Males: prostate,lung,colon,bladder.Females:breast,lung,colon,uterine.cancer deaths-largest number w/ percent of incidence deaths.males:lung 100%,prostate 16%,colon 45%,pancreas 100%.females:lungs 90%,breast 22%,colon 45%,pancreas 100% |
| Types | separated by ability to spread |
| Bengign | localized-can produce problems if tumor crushes adjacent tissues or withdraws blood from adjacent tissues.treat w/ surgery.many benign tumors arent cancerous. |
| Malignent | has metastasized through lymph system.surgery to remove large tumors,chemo and radiation to kill metastasized cells. |
| Diagnosis | need biopsy for full diagnosis,inc use of MRI.tumors often produce hormonal or protein markers. |
| Treatments | combo of treatments will vary w/ different cancers. |
| Surgery | remove tumor,and some surrounding tissue to make sure all tumor removed |
| Raditation | kills fast growing cells,damages dna and makes oxygen radicals.side effects on bone marrow and GI tract. |
| Chemotherapy | kills fast growing cells-mult targets-dna and mitotic spindle main ones.also bone marrow and GI side effects |
| Biologic Therapy | shift host/tumor balance toward host.alter t cell,antibody production,and cytokines to attack tumor |
| Genetics | single cell generates tumor.not inherited from parents.even predisposition needs additional mutations. |
| Mutation | dna alterations lead to unrestrained cell proliferation |
| Tumor Viruses | only a few cancers are linked to viruses.dna/rna viruses alter dna in host cell.only rna virus cancer is a type of leukemia.dna viruses have several links:cervical cancer,liver cancer,lymphomas during immune deficiency. |
| Cell Biology | uncontrolled growth due to cell changes.1 mutation not enough,malignancy usually needs 5-10 |
| p53 Mutations | p53 pathway controls normal mitosis-acts as tumor suppressor. many,not all tumors have p53 mutations.mutator leads to genanomic instability and resistance to apoptosis. |
| Environmental Signals | effects occur in cancer cells after mutations.cytokines and paracrines alter g protein and enzyme linked processes.effect signals to genome that regulates mitosis.loss of cell-cell connections and contact inhibition. |
| Transcription Factors | control gene activation-alteration in genes and/or factors.factors affect expression in tumor cells allowing tumor growth. |
| Apoptosis Regulation | programmed cell death often occurs after mutation.caspases are enzymes controlling apoptosis (attack dna,enzymes,cytoskeleton).dec caspase activity in tumors.target of new cancer treatments. |
| Angiogenesis | tumors draw blood from surrounding healthy tissues,starving tumor |
| Prevention | prevent the mult mutations necessary to start a tumor. |
| Smoking Cessation | stopping is the single most + health activity.400,000 premature deaths due to smoking per year.linked to lung,larynx,esophagus,bladder,pancreatic cancers.also linked to cardiovascular and pulmonary disease,90%who quit do so on their own,total quiting best |
| Diet | dec fat intake dec cancer rate,anticarcinogens in vegetables,fruits,nuts.fiber dec colon cancer. |
| Sun Avoidance | UV radiation causes inc in skin cancer.acute sunburns,even in childhood,inc risk of melanoma.lighter skinned people have greater risk. |
| Chemoprevention | new field drugs designed to dec mutation risk.antimutagenic,antioxidant,antiproliferent preventatives often significant side effects.use of tanoxifen to dec breast cancer in high risk women. may inc cerical cancer risk-balance risk. |
Created by:
danamarie9323
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