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Last AnatomyLab Quiz
PNS and ANS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all structures ____ the central nervous system, such as ____ receptors, ____ endings, and the _____ and associated _____ | outside, sensory, motor, nerves, ganglia |
| ____ are cord-like bundles of ____ and ____ axons enclosed in __ connective tissue sheaths | nerves, myelinated, unmyelinated, 3 |
| _____: The outermost tough fibrous sheath// _____: A coarse sheath that bundles ____ into ____ // _____: The loose connective tissue sheath that encloses single ____ | epineurium, perineurium, fibers (axons), fasicles, endoneurium, axon |
| Based on where they leave the CNS, peripheral nerve fibers are subdivided into ____ and ___ nerves | cranial, spinal |
| Depending on the fibers they are made of, they can be subdivided into ____ or ____ nerves that carry signals from the periphery to the CNS and ____ or ____ nerves that relay signals from the CNS to the effector | afferent, sensory, efferent, motor |
| However, most nerves are ____ nerves, i.e they contain ___ as well as ___ fiber. | mixed, sensory, motor |
| ____ are collections of neuron cell ____ outside the ___. There are 2 types of ganglia in the PNS: _____ ganglia that contain the bodies of ___ neurons and ____ ganglia with ______ neurons that send axons to ____ organs. | Ganglia, bodies, CNS, dorsal root, sensory, autonomic, visceral motor, effector |
| There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves. Two pairs of nerves, the ____ and ____ arise from the _____, whereas the other ___ pairs arise from the ______ | 12, olfactory, optic, diencephalon, 10, brainstem |
| Olfactory Nerve (CN I) | Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; arises from the olfcatory receptor cells of the nasal cavity |
| Optic Nerve (CN II) | Purely sensory (visual) function; arises from the retinas; leaves skull through optic foramen/ canal |
| Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain through the superior orbital fissures to four extrinsic eye muscles; functions in raising the eyelid and directing the eyeball; constricts the iris and controls lens shape |
| Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) | Innervates the superior oblique muscle; |
| Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) | LARGEST cranial nerve; has 3 divisions; the mandibular nerve is one of its divisions; supplies motor fibers for mastication; conveys sensory impulses from various areas of face |
| Abducens Nerve (CN VI) | Innervates the lateral rectus muscle |
| Facial Nerve (CN VII) | chief motor nerves of the face with 5 major branches; carries taste fibers from the anterior 2/3s of the tongue; motor functions include facial expression; relays parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands |
| Vestibular Nerve (CN VIII) | carries afferent fibers from the hearing and equilibrium receptors |
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) | innervates part of tongue & pharynx for swallowing & provides parasympathetic fibers to the partoid salivary glands; fibers conduct taste & general sensory impulses from pharynx & post. tongue; carries impulses from carotid chemoreceptors & baroreceptors |
| Vagus Nerve (CN X) | Most motor fibers are parasympathetic & help regulate activities of the heart, lungs, & abdominal viscera; sensory fibers carry impulses from thoracic/abdominal viscera; sensory fibers carry impulses from tastebuds of posterior tongue & pharnyx |
| Accessory Nerve (CN XI) | formed from ventral rootlets from the C1-C5 region of spinal cord; innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles; rootlets pass into cranium via each foramen magnum |
| Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) | innervates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech; exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal; |
| 3 Cranial Nerves that supply the extrinsic eye muscles | 1) Oculomotor 2) Trochlear 3) Abducens |
| 3 Cranial Nerves that can carry taste signals | 1) Facial 2) Glossopharyngeal 3) Vagus |
| Cranial Nerves purely for sensory function | 1) Olfactory 2) Optic 3) Vestibulocochlear |
| Cranial nerves that leave cranial cavity through jugular foramen | 1) Glossopharyngeal 2) Vagus 3) Accessory |
| Which cranial nerves leave cranial cavity through superior orbital fissure? | 1)Oculomotor 2) Trochlear 3) Trigeminal 4)Abducens |
| 3 BRANCHES of Trigeminal Nerve | 1) Opthalmic 2) Maxillary 3) Mandibular |
| There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves; __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, 5 ___ and __ coccygeal | 31, 8, 12, 5, sacral, 1 |
| Each spinal nerves connects to the _____ via two roots: | spinal cord |
| A) The ____ root contains ______ fibers from the _____ neurons that innervate ____ muscles | ventral, motor/efferent, ventral horn, skeletal |
| B) The ____ root contains ______ fibers from the ____ neurons in the ______ ganglion | dorsal, sensory/afferent, sensory, dorsal root |
| The two roots unite to form the spinal nerve, which emerges through the ______ foramen. Immediately after the foramen the nerve splits into mixed rami: | intervertebral |
| A) _____ ramus for the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the body | dorsal |
| B) ______ ramus to the muscles and skin of the frontal part of the body | ventral |
| C) ______ ramus to the membranes protecting the spinal cord | meningeal |
| D) rami ______ to and from the autonomic ganglia | communicantes |
| The _____ rami of the segments from T2-T12 form ____ nerves that supply the muscles of the ____, _____ thorax, and _____ wall. All other ventral rami form networks called _____. | ventral, intercostal, ribs, anterolateral, abdominal, plexuses |
| The _____ plexus is the uppermost plexus. It is formed by ventral rami of __-__. It innervates the skin and some muslces of ____, ___, back of ____, and _____. The most important nerve is the ____ nerve; it consists of fibers from ___ - ____ | cervical, C1, C4, neck, ear, head, shoulder, phrenic, C3, C5 |
| The _____ plexus is the most complex of the plexuses. It is formed by ventral rami from ___-____ and gives rise to nerves that innervate the skin and muscles of the ____ limb. Its major nerves are: ______, _____, ____, ____, and ____ nerve | brachial, C5, T1, upper, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, axillary |
| The superior of the two lower plexuses is called ____ plexus. It arises from ___-___ and supplies skin and muscles of the ___ and ____ wall. Its two major branches are the _____ and ____ nerves | lumbar, L1, L4, thigh, abdominal, femoral, obturator |
| Lowest plexus is called ____ plexus & it serves _____, ____, ____ structures & ____. Its fibers come from roots of ___-___. The 2 major branches are ____ & ______ nerves. They join to form the ____ nerve, which is the longest/thickest nerve of the body | sacral, buttocks, lower limbs, pelvic, perineum, L4, S4, tibial, common fibular, sciatic |
| A _____ is the area of the skin innervated by the _____ branches of a single spinal nerve | dermatome, cutaneous |
| _____ law states that any nerve serving a ____ that produces movement at a ____ also innervates the ___ and the ____ over the joint | Hilton's. muscle, joint, joint, skin |
| Name the 3 levels of motor control | 1) segmented 2) projection 3) precommand |
| There are two basic types of reflexes: 1)) _____ or ____ reflexes that are ____ motor responses to a stimulus. 2) _____ or _____ reflexes that result from practice or repetition | inborn, intrinsic, involuntary, stimulus, learned, acquired |
| Name the 5 components of a reflex arc | 1) receptor 2) sensory neuron 3) integration center 4) motor neuron 5) effector |
| In spinal somatic reflexes the integration center is in the _____ and the effectors are ________. The two major receptors in these reflexes are the _____ spindles and the ______ organs. | spinal cord, skeletal muscles, muscles, golgi tendon |
| Muscle spindles inform the CNS of the ____ of a specific muscle. If the muscle gets stretched the muscle spindle is ____, which leads to muscle _____. This reflex is called ___ reflex. This reflex is mainly used to maintain muscle ___ in large ___ muscles | length, activated, contraction, stretch, tone, postural |
| All stretch reflexes are _____ (i.e involve one synapse only) and _____ (i.e sensor and effector are on the same side of the body). | monosynaptic, ipsilateral |
| In order to protect muscles that are antagonistic to the effector they need to be inhibited from contracting by ____ inhibition. For example, in the ____ reflex the quadriceps as the stretched muscle will ____, while its antagonist (the ____) has to ____ | reciprocal, patellar, contract, hamstrings, relax |
| Golgi tendon reflexes are _____, i.e they involve more than one synapse. They help to prevent damage due to _____ stretch by producing muscle ______ in response to ____. | polysynaptic, excessive,relaxation/lengthening, tension |
| activated, passive, relaxation, contraction, activation | |
| An important reflex that helps us escape danger is the ____ or ____ reflex. It causes automatic ____ of a threatened body part if theres a ___ stimulus. If we touch a hot plate ____ of the major flexors on the forearm (____, _____) will move our hand away | flexor, withdrawal, withdrawal, painful, contraction, brachialis, biceps brachi |
| The stability of our position is thus maintained by the so called _____ reflex. It consists of a ____ reflex on the stimulated side and an ____ reflex on the _____ side. | crossed extensor, flexor, extensor, contralateral |
| If, for example, you are about to step on a nail with your right foot the ____ reflex will contract the ____ in your ___ leg to bend your knee and get your foot away from the nail. | flexor, hamstrings, right |
| At the same time the ____ reflex will cause a contraction of the ____ of your ____ leg to make sure you can stand safely on one leg | extensor, quadriceps, left |
| Superficial reflexes are elicited by gentle ____ stimulation. Common superficial reflex is the ___ reflex, tests correct function of the ____ tracts. Stimulus is a gentle ____ of lateral aspect of the sole of the foot. This leads to dwnward flexion of __ | cutaneous, plantar, corticospinal, stroking, toes |
| In infants and patients with corticospinal or motor cortex damage the stimulus leads to _____ of hallux and ____ of toes. This reaction is called ____ sign or reflex | dorsiflexion, fanning, Babinski |
| The ANS has __ divisions. The _____ division/system promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy. Its also called the _________ division. | 2, parasympathetic, rest & digest |
| The ____ division/system mobilizes the body during work, exercise, or stress. Therefore, it is also called the ________ division | sympathetic, fight or flight |
| Reflexes of the ANS are called ____ reflexes | visceral |
| ANS fibers that release ACh are called _____ fibers, whereas fibers that release NE are called _____ fibers. | choleneragic, adrenergic |
| All _____ axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons are _____ fibers | pre ganglionic, cholinergic |
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KAzetapi
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