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Micro UWORLD
Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| HBV | Hepadnavirus; dsDNA — template ±RNA — progeny double-stranded DNA. |
| The HBV genome is a | Partially dsDNA circular,replication of this genome is accomplished through reverse transcriptase DNA polymerase, creates an intermediate= + ssRNA template. Progeny= dsDNA. |
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16, 18, and 31 are strongly associated with | Anal and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. HIV infection increases the prevalence of HPV infection and increases the risk of anal carcinoma in HIV positive homosexual males. |
| Anal or cervical mass in homosexual HIV (+) patient, associated with | Squamous cell carcinoma; Human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16, 18, and 31 |
| Is responsible for almost half of all UTIs in sexually active young women. | S saprophyticus |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus is unique because it is resistant to | Novobiocin |
| Coagulase negative staphylococci, unique among these because it is resistant to novobiocin | Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
| Rheumatic fever is a syndrome of fever arthritis, erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea and myocarditis leading to valvular insufficiency of the mitral or aortic valves. It follows untreated with | Group A Streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis (S. pyogenes) |
| Rheumatic fever | Group A Streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis (S. pyogenes) |
| Autoimmune reaction following untreated Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) pharyngitis. ANTIGENIC SIMILARITY between bacterial antigens and normal “self” antigens in heart and CNS are believed to cause formation of anti-self antibodies resulting in | Rheumatic fever |
| Is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia and renal insufficiency. | Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by | Escherichia coil strain 0157:H7 |
| Usual clinical picture associated with EHEC: hemorrhagic colitis + hemorrhagic diarrhea + severe abdominal cramping caused by its ability to secrete a toxin similar to that of | Shiga toxin |
| Most cases of HUS associated with EHEC 0157:H7 have been associated with eating | undercooked, contaminated ground beef |
| Custard, mayonnaise and processed or salted meats | Preformed heat stable enterotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus |
| Fried rice ingestion | Bacillus cereus |
| Raw oysters | Vibrio Parahaemolyticus (voluminous watery diarrhea, like cholera), Vibrio vulnificus (sepsis with up to a 50% mortality), as well as other Vibrio infections. |
| Raw egg consumption, raw chicken,improper food handling is associated with | Salmonella gastroenteritis |
| Canned beans or any other canned or jarred food can be contaminated with | Clostridium botulinum |
| Fungal septate hyphae branching at acute (45ºC) angles in a V-shaped | Aspergillus |
| Aspergillus can cause | 1. Invasive aspergillosis 2. Aspergillomas 3. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). |
| Neutropenic patients are at risk for infection with fungus produces septate hyphae with V shaped branching. | Aspergillus fumigatus |
| C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria, initially affects oropharynx. Organism spreads by respiratory droplets and causes disease via its | AB exotoxin |
| C. diphtheriae AB exotoxin | The B (think: binding): allows penetration of the A (think: active)into the cell, to inhibit ribosome function |
| Immunization with the diphtheria toxoid induces production of circulating lgG against | Exotoxin B subunit, effectively preventing disease. |
| Motile gram- negative bacillus that is facultatively anaerobic and able to ferment both lactose and glucose. | E. coli |
| It grows well on blood, MacConkey, and eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plates | E. coli |
| Most common cause of neonatal meningitis in the United States | Group B Streptococcus |
| Group B Streptococcus is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis in the United States, followed by | E. coli |
| E. coli virulence factors | 1. Fimbriae: cystitis, pyelonephritis 2. K-1 capsular antigen: pneumonia, neonatal meningits 3. LPS endotoxin: septic shock |
| Most herpes infections below the waist are caused by | HSV-2 and occur due to reactivation of latent infection within the dorsal root ganglia |
| Recurrence of genital herpes can be suppressed or minimized with daily oral | valacyclovir, acyclovir, or famciclovir. |
| The combination of new onset genital vesicular rash (painful) with a positive Tzanck smear in a previously asymptomatic patient is suggestive of | genital herpes due to HSV- 2. |
| hair-like protein polymers that project from the surface of the cell and are involved in the attachment of the organism to mucosal surfaces. | Pili |
| Sharing of antigenic sequences between microorganism-host cell, leading to autoimmune disease if host mounts immune response against the infectious epitope and that epitope has sufficient sequence homology with a host antigen. | Antigenic mimicry |
| Each gonococcus possesses ability to modify its pills protein by the process of | Antigenic variation |
| There are three main kinds of botulism: | food-borne, wound and infant botulism |
| neurotoxin in food prevents release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing muscular contraction. | C. botulinum |
| Once coated with HBsAg, is able to penetrate the hepatocyte, survive within the cell, replicate its viral RNAI and translate its genome into protein. | Hepatitis D (Delta) virus |
| only two hepatitis virus that are fecal-orally transmitted | HAV and HEV |
| Hepatitis A virus can be inactivated with | water chlorination bleach (1:100 dilution) formalin, ultraviolet irradiation or boiling to 85°C for one minute. |
| Most invasive strain of H. influenzae | Capsular type B |
| Composed of cell wall polysaccharide conjugated with protein toxoid from either diphtheria or tetanus. | Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine |
| Aplastic crisis in sickle cell patients is usually secondary to infection with | Parvovirus B19 (non-enveloped, ss DNA virus) |
| Spherules packed with endospores. This patient’s history is likely to reveal: | Coccidioidomycosis: patients likely live in or have recently traveled to: Southwest Unites States (southern and central California, Arizona. New Mexico and western Texas), Northern Mexico, some regions of Central-South America. |
| Dimorphic fungus endemic to the southwestern U.S. It exists in the environment as a mold (with hyphae) that forms spores. These spores are inhaled and turn into spherules in the lungs. | Coccidioides immitis |
| Thick-walled spherules packed with endospores. | Coccidioides immitis |
| Toxins with superantigen activity | Enterotoxins Exfoliative Toxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-i) |
| Treatment of an acute C. diphtheriae infection requires (in order of importance) administration of: | 1) Diphtheria antitoxin, 2) Penicillin or erythromycin, 3) DPT vaccine |
| HI V-positive patients often experience reactivation of latent EBV infections with a resulting increased incidence of | EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorders, including the aggressive non-Hodgkin’s diffuse B-cell lymphomas |
| Most common cause of Candida vaginitis | Broad-spectrum antibiotics use |
| 2nd most common cause of vaginitis | Candida |
| Common triggers for Candida vaginitis include: | 1) Antibiotic suppress normal bacterial flora, facilitating overgrowth. 2) COP alter vaginal pH. 3) Corticosteroid therapy. 4) Uncontrolled DM 5) Immunosuppression, including HIV. |
| Pruritus+ erythema of vulvar and vaginal mucosa+ “cottage-cheese”-like discharge. Vaginal pH= normal or slightly higher than normal (>4.5). Wet mount examination is diagnostic: it reveals budding yeast and pseudohyphae. | Candida vaginitis |
| ONLY virus with a DNA genome | Hepatitis B (enveloped, double-stranded DNA) |
| There is only one clinically significant viral family in which the members are both non-enveloped and contain single stranded DNA: | Parvoviridae |
| Parvovirus B19 causes | erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), aplastic crises in sickle cell anemia, and hydrops fetalis. |
Created by:
heidy39
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