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Intro to physiology
Week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the 6 Levels of organisation for living organisms | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism (individual) |
| Chemical | atoms combine to form molecules |
| Cellular | molecules interact to make up cells |
| Tissue | cells are grouped into tissue |
| Organ | Tissue composes organs |
| Organ system | organs function together to form organ systems |
| Organism | Organ systems work together to make an individual |
| Name the 10 physiological systems of the human body | Endocrine, Immune, respiratory, CV, nervous, reproductive, digestive, urinary, musculoskeletal, integumentary |
| Major organs and function of Integumentary | Skin: protects from external environment (e.g uv rays, bacteria, viruses) |
| Major organs and function of Musculoskeletal | skeletal systeM; provides support. muscular system: provides movement |
| Major organs and function of Nervous System | Every coordination of our body happens through the nervous system. Coordination of body function through electrical signals & release of regulatory molecules. Brain + spin chord |
| Major organs and function of CV system | - heart, blood, blood vessels. The transport of materials b/w all cells of the body |
| Major organs and function of Immune (lymphatic) system | thymus, spleen, lymph nodes. Defence against foreign invaders |
| Major organs and function of Respiratory system | lungs, airways. Exchange of c02 and 02 b/w the external & internal environments |
| Major organs and function of Digestive system | stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas. Conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes. |
| Major organs and function of Urinary System | Kidneys, bladder. Maintenance of water & solutes in the internal environment. Waste removal. |
| Major organs and function of Endocrine System | Thyroid gland, adrenal gland. Coordination of body function through the synthesis & release of regulatory molecules (hormones) |
| Major organs and function of Reproductive system | ovaries, uterus, testies. Perpetuation of the species |
| Teleological vs. mechanistic approaches | Teleological: function explains "why". Mechanistic: Process of mechanism explains "how" |
| Theme 1 in physiology | Structure function relationships: molecular interactions (ability of imdv molecules to bind with other) compartmentation, the division of space into specific compartments. allows cell/tissue/organ to specialise & isolate functions |
| Theme 2 in physiology | Living organisms need energy: growth, reproduction, movement & homeostasis are the processes that take place in organisms that require the continuous input of energy. ATP is the source of energy for any cells in the human body. |
| Theme 3 in physiology | Info flow coordinates body functions: vertical flow-> the transfer of info stored in DINA from generation 2 generation. Horizontal: the flow of info within the body of a single organism |
| Theme 4 in physiology | Homeostasis maintains internal stability: bodys maintenance of a stable internal environment. environmental balance b/w external & internal environment e.g sweating maintains body temp |
| Organism in Homeostasis: External Change | --> internal change results in loss of homeostasis--> organism attempts to compensate, compensation fails-- illness/disease/death |
| Organism in Homeostasis: Internal Change | --> internal change results in loss of homeostasis, organism attempts to compesante, compensation succeeds, wellness + homeostasis reestablished |
| Mass Balance in the Body | Homeostasis depends on mass balance. To maintain constant level OUTPUT = INPUT. |
| Four areas of mass balance | INTAKE: material enters body by various routes (intestine, lungs, skin etc). METABOLIC PRODUCTION: material produced through metabolism. EXCRETION: material leaves body by excretion (kidney, liver, lungs skin) METABOLISM: material leaves body by metabolis |
| Control Systems & Homeostasis | All control systems have 3 components. Input signal--> 1. integrating centre--> 2. output signal--> 3. response. Regulated variables are kept within normal range by control mechanisms. |
| Local control vs. Reflex control | Local: restricted to tissue/cell involved. cells in the vicinity of change initiate response. Response is restricted to region of change. Reflex: long distance pathway widespread throughout the body. Cells at a distant site control the response. |
| 7 Steps of a Negative Feedback loop: Reflex Steps | Stimulus, Sensor, Input signal, Integrating center, output signal, target, response |
| Negative feedback loop vs. positive | -ve: keep environment steady. +ve: reinforce stimulus (outside factor required to shut off feedback cycle) |
Created by:
meunid
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