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Ch 22
Th Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, nasopharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium | pseudostratified cilated columnar |
| The right lung has | 2 fissures 3 lobes |
| Internal respiration occurs | between systemic capillaries and tissue cells |
| The vocal folds are found in the | larynx |
| During internal and external respiration, gases move by | diffusion |
| The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the | alveolar duct |
| Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water | pharynx |
| This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea | epiglottis |
| This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi | trachea |
| The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called | carina |
| Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport | in plasma as bicarbonate ions |
| Carbon dioxide binds to the glob in portion of hemoglobin to form | carbaminohemoglobin |
| The enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps | carbon dioxide to react with water |
| If the air we breathe contains 10 percent of Gas X, the partial pressure of Gas X is | 76 mmHg |
| As blood enters the systemic capillaries | PO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues |
| When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed | oxyhemoglobin |
| Tidal volume is | the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing |
| Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produces by the dissociation of | carbonic acid |
| The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determines mainly by the | partial pressure of oxygen |
| In order for inspiration to occur | alveolar pressure must decrease |
| The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues | increases as blood pH decreases (i.e. the acidity increases) |
| In the lungs | PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries |
| Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of | surfactant |
| Eupnea refers to | a normal pattern of quiet breathing |
| The phrenic nerves innervate the | diaphragm |
| Lung compliance is affected mainly by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the | amount of surfactant |
| The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the | medulla oblongata |
| When the diaphragm lowers during breathing | volume in the thoracic cavity increases |
| A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli is | emphysema |
| An increase in pulmonary capillary permeability or an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure leads to | pulmonary edema |
| The most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex is the | carina |
| The function of alveolar macrophages "dust cells" is | to remove debris from alveolar spaces |
| During normal quiet breathing, the diaphragm descends and the alveolar pressure decreases about | 2 mmHg |
| When we inhale | both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease |
| A modified respiratory pattern involves a series of convulsive inspirations followed by a single prolonged expiration. This pattern is characteristic of | sobbing |
| This is a disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction | asthma |
| At a partial pressure of 105 mmHg in the alveoli, the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries will be | almost 100% |
| The most common infectious cause of death in the US is | pneumonia |
| This area transmits inhibitory impulses to turn off the inspiratory area before the lungs become too full of air | pneumotaxic area |
| This area sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation | apneustic area |
| This area controls the basic rhythm of respiration | medullary rhythmicity |
| Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system | trachea |
| Pitch is controlled by | amount of tensiono of the vocal cords |
| This is the primary gas exchange site | alveolus |
| Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system | hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings |
| Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs below the larynx | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with globlet cells |
| Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus | simple squamous epithelium |
| There are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant | type II alveolar cells |
| Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on | force of contraction of diaphragm |
| This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells | oxygen out of the blood, carbon dioxide into blood |
| This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs | oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of the blood |
| These terms mean the lungs and the chest wall expands easily | high compliance |
| In ventilation-perfusion coupling, a high CO2 level causes the smooth muscles in the bronchioles that service the area to constrict | False |
| In ventilation-perfusion coupling, a low CO2 level causes the terminal arterioles that service the area to constrict | True |
| Oxygen binds to hemoglobin much more tightly than carbon monoxide | False |
| BPG, an intermediate in anaerobic respiration, when bound reversibly with hemoglobin lowers hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen | True |
| A decreased temperature causes hemoglobin to unload oxygen more easily | False |
| Cutting the phrenic nerve will cause paralysis of the diaphragm | True |
| When the inspiratory muscles of the chest wall contract, the size of the thoracic cavity decreases | False |
| The bulk of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood plasma is in the form of HCO3 | True |
| Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs when infants are not able to easily keep their alveoli open between breathes due to insufficient amounts of surfactant | True |
| Serous membrane bound to the surface of the lungs | Visceral pleura |
| Serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the pleural cavity | parietal pleura |
| Ridge covered by a sensitive mucous membrane; irritation triggers the cough reflex | Carina |
| Prevents food or fluid from entering the airways | Epiglottis |
| Secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant | Type II alveolar cells |
| Functions as a passageway for air and food and houses the tonsils | Pharynx |
| Tubular passageways for air connecting the larynx to the bronchi | Trachea |
| Main air passageway entering the lungs | Bronchi |
| Forms the anterior wall of the larynx | Thyroid cartilage |
| Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea and houses the vocal cords | Larynx |
| Site of external respiration | Nose |
| Functions in warming, moistening, and filtering air; receives olfactory stimuli | Alveoli |
| Simple squamous epithelial cells that through which gas exchange occurs | Type I alveolar cells |
| Rapid and deep breathing | Hyperventilation |
| Absence of breathing | Apnea |
| Shallow, chest breathing | Costal breathing |
| Normal, quiet breathing | Eupnea |
| Deep, abdominal breathing | Diaphragmatic breathing |
| A deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level | Hypoxia |
| Above normal value for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide | Hypercapnia |
| The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded | Compliance |
| Hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction to divert blood to well-ventilated regions of the lungs | Ventilation-perfusion coupling |
| When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin (decreases/increases) and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells (increases/decreases) | decreases, increases |
| The abrupt increase in ventilation at the start of exercise is due to (neural/chemical) changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata | neural |
| List eight modifies respiratory movements that are used to express emotions and to clear the airways | sighing, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, laughing, crying, sobbing, yawning |
| TV+IRV+ERV | Vital Capacity |
| Amount of air exhaled in forced exhalation | Expiratory reserve volume |
| Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute | Minute volume |
| Provides a medical and legal tool for determining a still birth from a live birth | Minimal volume |
| Volume of air in one breath | Tidal volume |
| Vital capacity+ residual volume | Total lung capacity |
| Tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve volume | Inspiratory capacity |
| Amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiratory reserve volume is expelled | Residual volume |
| Residual volume+ expiratory reserve volume | Functional redisual volume |
| Additional amount of air inhaled beyond the tidal volume with a very deep breath | Inspiratory reserve volume |
| Beginning with carbon dioxide, give the chemical formula sequence below that produces the bicarbonate anion | CO2 + H2O <---> H2CO3 <---> HCO3- + H+ |
| This reaction occurs fastest in (plasma/RBCs) due to the presence of carbonic acid anhydrase | RBCs |
| After bicarbonate is formed, it it transported to the plasma in exchange of a (oxygen/chloride) ion | choride |
Created by:
lawalk
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