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BMS 410
Test 1 Definition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Effector mechanism | The physiological and cellular processes used by the immune system to destroy pathogens and remove them from the body |
| Effecter cell | lymphocytes that can mediate the removal of pathogens without the need for further differentiation |
| Innate immunity | the host of defenses mechanisms that act from the start of an infection and do not adapt to a particular pathogen |
| adaptive immunity | the response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory |
| Primary response | the adaptive immune response that follows a person’s first exposure to an antigen |
| Secondary response | the adaptive immune response provoked by a second exposure to and antigen. It differs from primary response by starting sooner and building more quickly |
| Pluripotent | a stems cell that will become a progenitor |
| Hematopoietic cells | stem cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all the cellular elements of the blood. |
| Leukocyte | a general term for a white blood cell: lymphocyte granulocyte and monocyte |
| Myeloid cells | stem cells in the bone marrow that give rise to granulocytes, monocytes and macrophage |
| Lymphoid cells | stem cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all of the lymphocytes |
| Granulocyte | white blood cells with irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eoisonophils, aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
| Phagocyte | a cell specialized to perform phagocytosis, the principal phagocytic cell in mammals are neutrophils and macrophage |
| Progenitor | a cell that has to become something |
| Stem cell | infinite mitotic divisions can become any cell |
| Primary lymphoid tissue | anatomical sites of lymphocyte developlmet. The bone marrow and the thymus |
| Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissue | the lymph nodes , spleen(secondary lymphoid organs), and malt. The tissues in chich immune responses are intiated. |
| Recirculation | of lymphocytes, their continual movement from blood to secondary lymphoid tissue to lymp and back to the blood. An exception to this pattern is traffic to the spleen; in which they both enter and leave |
| Afferent | vessels that bring lymph to the node |
| Efferent | take lymph away from the nodes. |
| Plasma cell | terminally differentiated B lymphocyte that secrete antibody |
| Humeral immunity | immunity that is mediated by antibodies therefore can be transferred to and individual through non immune recipient by serum. |
| Cell-mediated immunity | any adaptive immune response in which antigen-specific effecter t cell dominate. It is defined operationally as all adaptive immunity that cannot be transferred to a naïve recipient with serum antibody |
| Antigen | originally defined as any molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, the term now also refers to any molecule that can produce peptides that bind specifically to a t cell receptor |
| Epitope | The portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by an antibody or fives rise to the MHC-binding peptide that is recognized by a T-cell receptor. Aka antigenic determinant |
| Linear epitope | epitope of a protein recongnized by antibody that consists of a linear sequence of amino acids within the protein’s primary structure |
| Conformational epitope | epitopes on a protein antigen that are formed from several separate regions in the primary seuqience of a protein brought together by protein folsing. Antibodies that bind to conformational epitopes bind only to native forded proteins, aka Discontinous |
| Isotype | Classes of Immunoglobulin – Ig: M,G,D,A, and E; each has a distinct heavey-chain constant region encode by a different constant-region gene. The heavy-chain constant region determines the effecter properties of each antibody class |
| CDR(complimentary determining regions) | the localized regions of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor chains that determine the antigenic specificity and bind to the antigen. The CDR are the most variable parts of the variable domains, AKA hypervariable regions |
| Fc | A fragment of an antibody, resulting from the proteolytic cleavage, that consists of the carboxyl-terminal hlave sof the two heavy chains disulfide-bonded to each other by the residual hinge readily region. It is called Fc because it was the fragment that |
| Fab | a proteolytic fragment of IgG that consists of the light chains and the amino-terminal half of the heavy chain held together by and interchain disulfide bond. It is called Fab because it is the Fragment with antigen binding specifity. |
| F(ab’)2 | a proteolytic fragment of IgG that consists of the two Fab arms held together by a disulfide bond. It is produced by digesting IgG with Pepsin |
| Immunoglobulin superfamily | the names given to all the proteins that contain one or more immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin like domains. |
| Affinity | A state of hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous environmental antigen. It results from the interaction between the antigen and antibodies or T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen. |
| Avidity | copious amounts of receptors holds on to surface |
| Monoclonal antibodies | antibodies produced by a single clone of B-lymphocytes and that are therefore identical in structure and antigen specificity |
| Polyclonal | antibodies produced by many different B-lymphocytes that all are specific to different epitopes on the antigen. |
| Germline | the organization of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in the dnA of the Germ cells and in the vast majority of somatic cells that do not undergo somatic recombination |
| RAG-1, RAG-2(recombination activation genes) | two genes whose expression is required for Ig and t cell receptor gene rearrangement in b and t cells |
| Junctional diversity | diversity present in the immunoglulin and T-cell receptor polypeptides that is created during the process of the gene rearrangement by the addition of nucleotides into the junctions between gene segments |
| Naïve B cell | a mature b cell that has left the bone marroe but has not yet encountered its specific antigen |
| Allelic exclusion | in reference to antibody production, the cast that, in a heterozygous individual, only one of the two c-region alleles at the Ig heavy-chain or light-chain loci is expressed in each be cell. In the b cell population, for each locus roughly half of the cel |
| Isotype switching | the process by which a b cell changes the class of Ig made while preserving the antigenic specificity of the Ig. Isotype switching involes somatic recombination that attaches a different heavy-chain constant-region gene to the variable-region exon. |
| Somatic hypermutation | mutation that occurs at high frequency in the rearranged variable-region DNA of the Ig genes in activated B cells, resulting in the production of variant Ab, some of which that have a higher affinity for the Ag |
| Affinity maturation | the increase in affinity of the antigen-binding sites of antibodies for the antigen that occurs during the course of an adaptive immune response. |
| Neutralizing antibody | binding to sites on pathogens that prevent growth, and entry into cells, Toxins also can be bound |
| Opsonin | antibodies and complement components that bind to pathogens and facilitate their phagocytosis by neutrophil or macrophages |
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | a cluster of genes on the short arm of human chromosome 6 that encodes a set of polymorphic membrane glycoproteins called the MHC molecules, which are involved in presenting peptide antigens to T Cells |
| CD3 complex | A complex of signaling molecules that associates with T-cell receptors; it consists of CD3 gamma, Delta and epsilon chains and Zeta chains |
| T cell receptor (TCR) | the highly variable antigen receptor of T lymphocytes; on most T cells it is composed of a variable alpha and beta chain |
| TCR complex | the complex of T-cell receptor alpha and beta chains and the incariant CD3 and zeta chains that makes up a functional antigen receptor on the T-cell surface |
| Antigen presentation | the display of antigen as peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules on he surface of cells. This the form in which antigen is recognized b most T cells |
| CD4 | a cell-surface glycoprotein on some T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules, CD4 binds to MHC class II molecules on the Antigen presenting cell and acts as a co-receptor to augment the T cells response |
| CD8 | a cell-surface glycoprotein on some T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC class 1 molecules; CD8 binds to MHC class 1 molecules on the Antigen-presenting cell and act as a co-receptor to augment the T-Cell’s response to antigen. |
| TH1 | a subset of CD4 T cells that are characterized by cytokines they produce; they are involved mainly in activating macrophages, AKA inflammatory T cells |
| TH2 | a subset of CD4 T cells that are characterized by cytokines they produce; they are mainly involved in stimulating B cells to produce Ab, AKA helper T cell |
| Co-receptor | a cell surface protein that increases the sensitivity of an antigen receptor to its antigen; a co receptor can accomplish this by increasing adhesive interactions between the interacting cells, and/or by enhancing signal transduction from the main recepto |
| Β-2 microglobulin | the invariant polypeptide that is common to all MHC class I molecules; AKA light chain of the MHC class I molecules |
| Degenerate binding specificity | the type of antigen-binding specificity exhibited by MHC I and II molecules, in which each MHC allotype can bind numerous peptides of different amino acid sequences |
| Proteasome | Large multisubunit protease present in the cytosol of all cells that degrades cytoplasmic proteins; it generates the peptides presented by MHC class I molecules |
| TAP (transporter associated protein) | an ATP binding protein in the ER that transports peptides from the cytosol to the ER lumen; it is made of TAP-1 and TAP-2. It supplies MHC I molecules with peptides |
| Chaperone | a protein that helps hold the conformation and guide the proteins they are assisting |
| Invariant chain(Ii) | polypeptide that associates with MHC class II proteins in the ER and prevents them from binding peptides there; it guides the MHC II molecules to endosomes where Ii is degraded, enabling MHC II molecules to bind to peptide spresent in the endosomes |
| Endocytosis | the uptake of extracellular material into cells by endo-cytic vesicles that form by pinching off pieces of the plasma membrane |
| Phagosome | intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis |
| Phagolysosome | intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes |
| CLIP | is the degraded from of Ii; blocks the binding of peptides in the vesicle to MHC II, is released by HLA-DM |
| Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) | the human MHC |
| Polymorphism | the existence of different variants of a gene or trait in the population. Genetic polymorphism is defined as the existence of two or more forms (alleles) of a given gene within the population, with the variant alleles each occurring at a frequency greater |
| Allele | natural variants of a single gene |
| Haplotype | in respect of a linked cluster of polymorphic genes, the set of alleles carried on a single chromosome is called haplotype; every person inherits two haplotypes, one from each parent; the gene was first used in connection with the MHC complex |
| MHC restriction | the fact that a given T-cell receptor will recognize its peptide antigen only when bound to a particular form of MHC molecule |
| Peptide binding motif | of an MHC isoform, the combination of anchor residues that are common to the amino-acid sequences of the peptides that bind to the isoform |
| Balancing selection | type of evolutionary selection that acts to maintain a variety of phenotypes in a pop |
| Directional selection | type of natural selection that replaces older alleles with newer variants; its characteristics outcome is change |
| Allogeneic/alloreactivity | describes two members of the same species who are genetically different; an adaptive immune response made by one member of a species against an allogenic antigen from another member of the same species |
Created by:
bmg4