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phys neuro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| in the dark -retinal -[cGMP] -polarization -neurotransmitter | 11-cis high [cGMP] depolarized glutamate released onto bipolar cells |
| in the light -retinal -[cGMP] -polarization -neurotransmitter | all trans low [cGMP] hyperpolarized no neurotransmitter released? |
| pigments | S-type:blue M:green L:red |
| dark adaptation (bright -> dark) | breakdown of photopigments from light decreases photosensitivity slower than light adaptation |
| light adaptation (dark -> bright) | rhodopsin broken down by bright light faster than dark adaptation |
| pathway of aqueous humor | secreted by ciliary body -> travels around iris -> then to drainage canal glaucoma when too much aqueous humor |
| presbyopia | cells in the middle of the lens die/become stiff, so can't accommodate for near vision; reading glasses |
| myopia | eye too long/lens too strong |
| hyperopia | eye too short/lens too weak |
| sensory transduction | conversion of stimulus energy into a graded receptor potential |
| law of specific nerve energies | nature of perception is defined by the pathway the info takes (ie spinal tract); origin is unimportant eg- press on eye, see stars |
| labeled line principle | info enters spinal cord then EITHER enters reflex arc OR goes to brain for possible conscious awareness 1st order:afferent peripheral receptor 2: in spinal cord/medulla 3: thalamus |
| tonic receptor | don't adapt eg-m. stretch, joint proprioception |
| phasic receptors | rapidly adapt; slight depolarization "off response" when stimulus removed eg-touch receptors |
| receptive field varies with | density of receptors in that region varied innervation importance of info |
| brain stem functions | cranial nerves arise here control <3 rt, blood vessels, respiration, digestion regulate m. reflexes/posture RF gets and integrates all incoming info -RAS controls alertness |
| light -> deep/slow-wave sleep | 30-40 min light, 30-40 min deep fastest EEG, lowest amplitude vitals same* as when awake, mental activity less visual, easily awakened excitatory neurons are inhibited by GABA |
| paradoxical sleep | 10-15 min EEG looks like awake inhibition of m. tone, only eyes move, vitals irregular, dream involves visual processing, limbic, less activity in prefrontal ctx turn off slow-wave sleep on neurons |
| sleep control systems | arousal system: RAS and hypoT (hypoT secretes hypocretin to stimulate RAS) slow-wave sleep center: inhibit excitatory neurons w/ GABA paradoxical sleep center: turn off slow-wave sleep on nuerons |
| dorsal columns | conscious proprioception crossed touch, pressure, vibration |
| DSCT | uncrossed conscious proprioception |
| VSCT | crossed unconscious proprio |
| lateral STT | crossed pain and temp |
| ventral STT | crossed touch |
| lateral corticospinal tract | crossed voluntary skeletal m. |
| rubro | crossed involuntary skeletal m. (m. tone and posture) |
| ventral cortocospinal tract | functionally crossed voluntary skeletal m. |
| vestibulospinal | uncrossed involuntary skeletal m. (balance) |
| stretch/patellar tendon reflex | stretch receptor in skeletal m. detects stretch the contraction of opposing m. is caused by monosynaptic reflex BUT an inhibitory interneuron in SC is also stimulated to inhibit the contraction, which is polysynaptic |
| basal nuclei functions | inhibit m. tone in body select and maintain good stuff, suppress bad stuff coordinate slow sustained contractions (postural) linked to cerebral ctx and thalamus |
| thalamic functions | part of diencephalon relay station, screens out un-important stufff positively reinforces voluntary motor behavior |
| habituation | DECREASED responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus b/c less Ca2+ influx |
| sensitization | INCREASED responsiveness to mild stimulus following a strong/noxious stimulus b/c interneurons secrete serotonin, which increases presynaptic cAMP, blocking K+ channels, so ap longer, so MORE Ca2+ influx |
| long-term potentiation | involves AMPA and NMDA receptors |
| carebellum parts | vestibulocerebellum spinocerebellum cerebrocerebellum |
| pitch discrimination | where maximal deformation of basilar membrane tonotopic organization of brain |
| volume discrimination | amplitude of vibration more frequent action porantials |
| utricle | horizontal acceleration |
| saccule | vertical acceleration |
| sympathetic neurons | thoracolumbar short preggl fiber long postggl fiber ACh/nicotinic receptor at ggl NE and E/ alpha and beta receptors at target organ |
| parasympathetic neurons | craniosacral long preggl fiber short postggl fiber ACh released onto nicotinic receptor @ ggl ACh released onto muscarinic @ target organ |
| alpha 1 | most sympathetic target tissues constriction, increased secretion, etc. NE>E *nervous sweat |
| alpha 2 | digestive organs decrease contractions NE>E |
| beta 1 | heart increase rt and force of contractions E = NE |
| beta 2 | smooth m. other than gut dilation, decreased secretion, etc. epinephrine ONLY |
| atropine | blocks effect of ACh @ muscarinic receptors |
Created by:
jesters
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