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biology midterm
DNA, genetics, and mieosis v. mitosis, biotech
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a diploid cell that has 24 chromosomes per set undergoes meiosis. after meiosis, how many chromosomes does the cell contain? | 6 |
| on the poles of the DNA ladder, there is a ___ bond between each sugar and phosphate | phosphodiester |
| DNA replication takes place in the ____ | nucleus |
| transcription takes place in the _____ | nucleus |
| translation takes place in the _____ on a _____ | cytoplasm; ribosome |
| the central dogma states that: DNA undergoes ______ to make _____ and this undergoes _____ to make _____ | transcription;mRNA;translation;protein |
| before transcription can begin, trancription factors must bind to what? | TATA box |
| a cross between a black cat and a white cat results in offspring that are silver. what pattern of inheritence is this? | incomplete dominence |
| a pink monkey mates with a black monkey. this results in a monkey with pink and black stripes .what pattern of inheritence is this? | codominence |
| father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| what are the 7 main traits of the pea plant? | seed form, seed color, pod color, pod form, flower position, seed coat color, stem length |
| what is the law of independent assortment? | alleles for different traits segragate independently of one another |
| non-sex chromosomes are called? | autosomes |
| traits on the x chromosome are most likely to show in which gender and why? | in males because males have nothing to cover the allele up and females do. |
| human diploid? | 46 |
| human haploid?and how did we get this number? | 23, because it is 1/2 of the diploid number |
| karyotype? | picture of chromosomes seperated by size. |
| step 1 in DNA replication | DNA-->DNA 5' leading strand 3' lagging strand start with one double helix |
| step 2 in DNA replication | DNA helicase comes and splits the hydrogen bonds between the 2 base pairs so now there is 2 seprate strands of DNA |
| step 3 in DNA replication | now DNA polymerase comes and finds the match to make each identical base pair |
| step 4 in DNA replication | once you have each base pair you can make the backbone |
| step 5 in DNA replication | now DNA ligase comes and rebounds each of the base pairs to make 2 identical semi-conservative double helixes |
| step 1 in transcription | DNA--->RNA the promoter comes and sits on the TATA box |
| step 2 in transcription | tRNA trancribes the genetic code into subunits simply changes all the T's to U's and changes also to a single strand of RNA and only uses the 1st one. |
| step 1 in translation | RNA---> proteins one strand comes out of the nucleus |
| step 2 of translation | cant tell which side is the head and which side is the tail so it adds a 5' cap so u know that's the head and a poly-A tail with 25-50 adenines in one tail. |
| step 3 in translation | before, when there is nothing happening they are unbonded and the small subunit sits on RNA strand |
| step 4 of translation | then once the 1st is translated, the large subunit comes and binds to the small subunit |
| step 5 of translation | one it reaches the stop codon it detaches the protein and it has made a protein |
| what are gametes and how are they created? | a gamete is a sex cell and is made during fertilization |
| what types of cells does meiosis create and how are they different from those created by mitosis? | creates gametes and meiosis has 2 phases while mitosis only has 1. |
| explain crossing over and when does it occur? | occurs when 2 chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis |
| explain non-disjunction. when does it occur? and what does it create? | non-disjunction is the adding or subtracting of an entire chromosome. it occurs in meiosis specifically in anaphse. |
| who discovered the structure of DNA | Watson and Crick |
| what is the structure of the DNA molecule called? what makes up the sides and steps of it? | the structure is a double-helix. the sides (backbone) are made of sugar and phosphate. the steps are made of nucleotides called: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine |
| what are nucleotides and what are the 3 parts? | A,T,C,G. 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. |
| what is a codon? | a triplet of nucleotides |
| list 2 ways DNA and RNA are different | (1)DNA has Thymine and RNA has instead of Thymine it has Uracil(2)DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded |
| define gene | a gene is what determines your physical traits. |
| what is the function of mRNA? tRNA? | mRNA carry the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome tRNA transfers specific amino acids to the polypeptide chain during translation |
| where is the DNA located in an eukaryotic cell | nucleus |
| what is genetics? | study of heredity |
| who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| genotype? | allele combinations |
| phenotype? | physical characteristics |
| what is an allele? | one of several alternate forms of the same gene |
| why are punnett squares useful (what do they tell us) | they are used to predict different allele combinations of offspring between two individuals |
| what is incomplete dominance? | when a trait is not dominant over another and the colors blend |
| what is co-dominance? | when a trait is not dominant over another and both color show on the offspring. |
| what are multiple alleles? | sets of 2 or more genes. |
| what are sex-linked traits? | traits inherited on the sex chromosomes |
| list the human blood types and all the possible genotypes for each blood type. | type A-IAIA, IAi type B-IBIB, IBi type AB- IAIB type O- ii |
| on which chromosome are most sex-linked traits found? | X-chromosome |
| what is a carrier? | a person who carries the disease but does not have it and is heterogeneous for the disease that is recessive |
| what are gametes? where do they go on a punnett square? | sex cells. go inside the boxes of a punnett square |
| what is a karyotype and how is it useful? | picture with number of chromosomes of one's cells and is used to see birth abnormalities and deaths in infants |
| what is a pedigree and how is it useful | is a family tree that tracks members with a certain trait and is used to see if you are at risk of inheriting a particular genetic disorder |
| mendal's law(segregation) | allele pair must segregatr during gamete formation |
| explain the role of meiosis in allowing for genetic variation. | the chromosome pairs crossover and switch pieces which is recombination and causes diversity |
| what is "crossing over"? | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and happens during meiosis |
| what is nondisjunction | failure to separate when they should into daughter cells in division and can cause a genetic disorder |
| meiosis phases | interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telephase 1, cytokinesis 1, interphase 2, prophase 2, meaphase 2, anaphase 2, telephase 2, cytokinesis 2 |
| what are homologous chromosomes? | identical chromosomes that pair up during meiosis |
| gametes in males and woman | haploid 23 diploid 46 males have sperm and females have egg with 3 polor bodies |
| diploid v. haploid | di-2 hap-1 |
| somatic v. gametes | somatic/body cells- mitosis gametes/sex cells- meiosis |
| chromatid v. chromosome v. centromere | 2 strands of chromatid make a chromosome and the centromere is where the chromatid are held together |
| roles of centriole and spindle fibers | centrioles- are the parts of the cell that go to the end of the cell during prophase and form spindle fiber- are the fibers that attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart |
| term for gamete process | fertilization |
| what are the advantages of asexual and sexual reproduction | asexual- effective at cloning sexual- uses 2 sources of information instead of 1 creating greater genetic diversity |
| which nitrogen bases belong to DNA and RNA | DNA:A,T,C,G RNA:A,U,C,G |
| whats the structure of DNA and which scientists are credited for the discovery | double-helix. Watson and Crick (but Rosalind Franklin is the one that really discovered it) |
| what types of bond holds the nitrogen bases together?the backbone? | NB: hydrogen bonds Backbone: phosphodiester |
| what are nucleotides? | consist of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and phosphate group |
| what are amino acids? | basic ingrediant needed to make a protein |
| what is a codon? | a sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides |
| what is a peptide bond? | bonds of preoteins |
| what is an anticodon? | 3 adjacent nucleotides in tRNA thst bind to corresponding mRNA |
| what is mRNA? | carries information encoded in DNA out of nucleus to ribosome |
| what is tRNA? | transfers amino acids to the polypeptide chain on the ribosome |
| what is a mutation? | change in the cell's DNA |
| what could a mutation be caused by? | most are caused by an error in the duplication process |
| what are some types? | insertion, deletion, trans location, point, and frame-shift |
| some examples about how DNA technology can be used to aid in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. | some vaccines, all gene therapy drugs, in forensics for DNA fingerprinting, and in agriculture for selective breeding |
| what are restriction enzymes? | proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences |
| what is gel electrophoresis? | technique used in which molecules are forced across a gel by an electrical current |
| what is PCR? | polymerase chain reaction |
| recombinant DNA | a genome that carries a portion of DNA from another |
| what is a GMO? | organisms where genes from one organism are moved into the genome from another organism using restriction enzymes |
| explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes | a chromosome is a strand of DNA containing the genes |
| what is an allele? | a pair of different forms of 1 gene |
| what is genotype? | combinations of alleles to get traits |
| what is phenotype? | physical traits |
| what does it mean to be heterozygous? | when there is 2 different alleles for the same trait |
| what does it mean to be homozygous? | same alleles for that 1 trait |
| what does it mean to be recessive? | alleles represented with lower case letters |
| what does it mean to be dominant? | alleles represented with upper case letters |
| what is the law of dominance? | if you have a pair of genes and you have to give one to offspring it will most likely be the dominant allele |
| what is the law of segregation? | during production of gametes,alleles segregate to get one from each parent |
| what is the law of independent assortment | when 2 or more characteristics are inherited, heredity facors must segregate |
Created by:
madison_98
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