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Science - TEK6.10A-D
Layers of the Earth, Plate Tectonics, Geological Events, & Types of Rocks
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| erosion | the process by which running water, wind, gravity, or ice carry away (move) broken bits of rock and sediment |
| ocean basin | a depression in the Earth's surface in which an ocean lies |
| weathering | the process of breaking down rocks. The effects of water, ice, plant roots, acid, and other forces |
| intrusive rock | an igneous rock that forms as magma cools underground (Ex. granite) |
| core | the dense, metallic center of Earth; includes outer and inner |
| subduction | the process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate |
| earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
| extrusive rock | an igneous rock that forms as lava erupts, cools, and crystallizes on the the Earth's surface (Ex. basalt, pumice, obsidian, and perlite) |
| lithosphere | the rigid, outermost layer of Earth that includes the uppermost mantle and crust |
| igneous rock | a type of rock that is formed from melting and cooling lava or magma |
| sediment | small, solid pieces of material that are from rocks or living things |
| The names of 7 tectonic plates | African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American |
| The type of plate boundary where scientists think volcanoes occur | All three types (convergent, divergent, and transforming) |
| asthenosphere | layer of the earth that is the partially melted portion of the mantle below the lithosphere |
| convection current | the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another. |
| lava | magma that erupts onto the Earth's surface |
| mantle | the thick middle layer in the solid part of Earth |
| Alfred Wegener | German scientist that proposed the theory of contintental drift which led the way to the theory of Plate tectonics |
| rock cycle | a series of processes that changes one type of rock into another type of rock |
| volcanic glass | an igneous rock that forms when lava cools too quickly to form crystals (Ex. obsidian) |
| mid-ocean ridge | an undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary under the ocean |
| convergent plate boundary | the boundary between two plates that move toward each other (Ex. Himalayan Mountains - Where the Eurasian and Ido-Australin plates meet) |
| metamorphic rock | a rock that forms from another rock as a result of changes in heat or pressure (or both heat and pressure) |
| crust | the brittle, rocky outer layer of Earth |
| Enchanted Rock | an example of a place to find the intrusive rock granite (Fredricksburg, TX) |
| Three examples of sedimentary rock | rock salt, sandstone, and limestone |
| basalt | an extrusive rock that makes up most all ocean basins |
| Examples of crystals | snowflake or gemstone |
| pumice | an extrusive rock that has tiny holes in it. Some of it is light enough to float on water. |
| Plate tectonics | a theory that Earth's surface is broken into large, rigid pieces that move with respect to each other |
| core | the dense, metallic center of Earth; includes outer and inner |
| non-foliated | metamorphic rock with mineral grains that form a random, interlocking texture. (Ex. marble, quartzite, serpentine, and hornfels) |
| volcano | a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface |
| rock | a naturally occurring solid composed of mineral, rock fragments, and sometimes other materials such as organic materials |
| transform plate boundary | the boundary between two plates that slide past each other (Ex. San Andreas) |
| ridge push | the process that results when magma rises at a mid-ocean ridge and pushes oceanic plates in two different directions away from the ridge |
| slab pull | a process that results when a dense oceanic plate sinks beneath a more buoyant plate along a subduction zone, pulling the rest of the plate that trails behind it |
| magma | molten rock stored beneath the Earth's surface |
| sedimentary rock | a rock formed through weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. |
| mineral | a naturally occurring solid that forms by inorganic processes (non-living) and that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical make-up. |
| crystal | a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again |
| Ring of Fire | a major belt of volcanoes that rims (circles) the Pacific Ocean |
| cementation | the process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and "glue" or bond sediment together |
| foliated | a metamorphic rock that contains parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals. Sometimes called "ribbons", "bands", or "stripes" (Ex Gniess) |
| deposition | the process by which sediments settles out of the water or wind carrying it. (Ex. River Deltas and Sand Dunes) |
| compaction | the process by which layers of sediment are pressed and squeezed together |
| fault | a break in Earth's crust along which rock move (Ex. New Madrid) |
| divergent plate boundary | two plates that move away from each other (Ex. African Rift Valley) |
| sea floor spreading | the process by which scientists believe that molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor. |
Created by:
jschroeder4