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chapter 8 & 10 vocab
Term | Definition |
---|---|
solute | a substance whose particles are dissolved in a solution |
solvent | a substance in which a solute dissolves |
dissociation | the separation of ions in an ionic compound as the compound dissolves |
dispersion | the process of dissolving by breaking into smaller pieces, the process in which white light separates into colors |
ionization | the process by which neutral molecules gain or lose electrons |
acid | a compound that produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water; proton donor |
indicator | a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base |
base | a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; a proton acceptor |
neutralization | a chemical reaction between an acid and a base |
pH | a measure of the hydronium ion concentration of a solution |
buffer | a solution that is resistant to large changes in pH |
electrolyte | a compound that produces ions when it dissolves |
radioactivity | the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy |
radioisotope | an isotope with an unstable nucleus |
nuclear radiation | charged particles and electromagnetic waves that are emitted from the nuclei of radioisotopes |
alpha particle | a positively charged particle, emitted by certain radioactive nuclei, made up of two protons and two neutrons, a helium nucleus |
beta particle | an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus |
gamma ray | a penetrating form of radiation emitted by an unstable nucleus |
background radiation | nuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment |
strong nuclear force | the powerful attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus |
fission | a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus is split into two smaller parts |
chain reaction | a series of fission reactions triggered by neutrons released during the fission of a nucleus |
critical mass | the smallest possible mass of a fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction |
fusion | a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a larger nucleus |
plasma | a state of matter in which atoms have been stripped of their electrons |
salt | An ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a base |