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Pharm Exam 1
CNS depressants and Stimulants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When a drug is partially metabolized before it enter the blood stream | First pass effect |
| The dose range where the drug is giving the desired response and is not causing toxicity | Therapeutic index |
| Most drug metabolism takes place here | Liver |
| Most drug excretion takes place here | Kidneys |
| The amount of time it takes for 50% of a drug to be excreted from the body | Half-life |
| The number of half-life's it takes for a drug to be completely excreted from the body | 5 |
| The trimester during pregnancy that is potentially the most harmful to be taking drugs | First trimester |
| The trimester during pregnancy when the fetus is getting the highest doses of the maternal drugs | Third trimester |
| In these patients drug doses may need to be adjusted because their vital organs are still developing and may be more sensitive to certain drugs | Pediatrics |
| In these patients drug doses may need to be adjusted due to organ impairments, polypharmacy effects, and higher risk for adverse effects | Geriatrics |
| These patients have immature liver and kidneys which leads to slow metabolism and excretion, also lower gastric ph and higher body water content | Pediatrics |
| These patients have slowed metabolism and excretion due to organ impairments, and lower-body water content | Geriatrics |
| These patients have a weak blood-brain barrier and are more prone to adverse effects from drugs such as opioids, analgesics, NSAIDs, cholinergic, CNS depressants, sedatives, hypnotics, ect. | Geriatrics |
| How many controlled substance classes are there | 5 |
| This controlled substance class includes drugs that are highly addictive and have no medical purpose | C1 |
| This controlled substance class includes drugs that are highly addictive and have some recognized medical uses | C2 |
| This controlled substance class has drugs that are moderately addictive, but have recognized medical uses | C3 |
| This controlled substance class includes drugs that are mildly addictive, and have well-known medical uses | C4 |
| This controlled substance class includes drugs that are very mildly addictive and have a wide-variety of medical uses | C5 |
| Control class for heroin, mescaline, marijuana | C1 |
| control class for oxycodone, morphine, codeine | C2 |
| Control class for hydrocodone | C3 |
| Control class for benzodiazepines | C4 |
| Control class for cough medications | C5 |
| The phase of the drug trial where small groups of healthy individuals are tested using various dosing amounts | Phase 1 |
| The phase of the drug trial where small groups of ill patients are tested and therapeutic indexes are refines | Phase 2 |
| The phase of a drug trial where large groups of ill patients are tested and drug effectiveness and safety are determined | Phase 3 |
| The optional phase of the drug trial where large groups of patients are taking the drug and more adverse effects can be reported | Phase 4 |
| If a person understands all possible benefits and risks of a drug trial and chooses to participate of their own free choice, they have | Informed consent |
| This cultural group may have symptoms of psychosis managed at lower doses | Hispanic |
| Legend drugs are also known as | Prescription drugs |
| This drug group has no proof of efficiency and no standards for quality control | Herbal supplements |
| This herbal supplement is known to help shrink the prostate to ease urination and has antiplatelet factors to "thin the blood" | Saw Palmetto |
| This herbal supplement can be used to help prevent heart attacks | Garlic |
| This herbal supplement has anti-inflammatory properties, as well as antimicrobial and digestion aids | Goldenseal |
| This herbal supplement is used for memory disorders like AZ as well as for poor blood flow | Ginkgo |
| This herbal supplement is used as an anti-depressant | St. John's Wart |
| This herbal supplement is used as a sleep aid | Valerian |
| Common adverse effects of this drug class include, constipation, nausea and vomiting, and sedation | CNS depressants |
| This drug class will decrease HR, R, and pain | CNS depressants |
| Dramatic decrease in respiratory status r/t CNS depressant use | Respiratory depression |
| A progressive decline over hours-days in mood and respiratory status due to CNS depressants | Subacute overdose |
| Morphine; class, control, considerations | Opioids agonist, c2, itching |
| Codeine, class, control, considerations | Opioids agonist, c2, Ceiling effect, antitussive |
| Fentanyl, class, control, considerations | Opioids agonist, c2 Very potent, transdermal patch use |
| meperidine, class, control, considerations | Opioids agonist, c2 Toxic in elderly |
| Oxycodone, class, control | Opioids agonist, c2 |
| Analgesic class that directly effects pain centers to decrease pain | Opioids agonist |
| Analgesic class that uses competitive reception to block pain, and is usually a C4 drug control | Opioids agonist-antagonists |
| This drug class competes with opioids for CNS receptor sites and works against analgesic drugs | Opioids antagonist |
| Naloxone (Narcan), class, considerations | Opioids antagonist Reverses opioid overdose and respiratory depression (Narcan) |
| Analgesic class including OTC analgesics and is not viewed as addictive or having side effects like respiratory depression | Non-opioids analgesics |
| Acetaminophen, class, considerations | non-opioid analgesic, toxic over 3 grams |
| Tramadol, class, considerations | Non-opioid analgesic, Unique workings in CNS, associated with serotonin syndrome when taken with SSRIs |
| Transdermal reservoir system | 4 layers, worn 3-4 days, older system, contains alcohol, more irritating to skin |
| Transdermal matrix system | 2 layers, worn 7 days, new system, does not contain alcohol |
| Drugs that produce pain-killer effects without altering consciousness | Analgesics |
| Drugs that control pain while producing decreased or loss of consciousness and muscle relaxation | Anesthesia |
| Anesthesia that results in complete loss of consciousness, paralysis, and loss of respiratory function | General Anesthesia |
| A post-anesthesia complication including fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and muscle rigidity | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Daltrolene, use | treatment of malignant hyperthermia |
| Balanced anesthesia contains | Pain control, sedative/hypnotic effect, and paralysis effect |
| Anesthesia adverse effects | Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, confusion, and toxicity |
| Ketamine | Anesthetic sedative Used commonly for setting broken bones |
| Propofol | Used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, and moderate sedation |
| Moderate sedation | Used more for out-patient surgeries, PT is able to maintain airway and consciousness, but is completely relaxed. Benzodiazepine w/ an opioid is common |
| Anesthesia that results in regional loss of sensation and maintains consciousness and respiratory function | Local Anesthesia |
| Lidocaine, class, considerations | Local anesthetic, may cause itching and allergic reaction |
| Neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD) | paralyze the body but leaves the mind alert, used in adjunct with general anesthesis |
| Succinylcholine, class, uses, considerations | depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug Used to facilitate endotracheal ventilation, used over short periods |
| Pancuronium, class, uses, considerations | nondepolarizing NMBD Used for starting vents and skeletal relaxing Used over long period surgeries |
| A CNS depressant that reduces irritability and anxiety without causing sleep | Sedative |
| A CNS depressant that causes sleep and relaxation | Hypnotic |
| Three classes of sedative-hypnotics | Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, misc. drugs |
| Sleep hangers occur in which class of drugs | Sedative-hypnotics |
| Rebound insomnia | Insomnia effect after a sedative hypnotic is discontinuated |
| Flumazenil, use | Antidote for benzodiazepine overdose |
| Symptoms for benzodiazepine overdose | Diminished reflexes, solemnness, confusion, and coma |
| Benzodiazepine uses | Sedative, anxiety, depression, sleep, muscle relaxants, seizures |
| clonazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam Class of drugs | Benzodiazepine |
| eszopiclone, zolpidem Class of drugs, generic names | Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic Ambien and Lunesta |
| Barbiturates uses | Insomnia, sedation, seizures |
| Why are barbiturates rarely used | Narrow therapeutic index, unfavorable side effects, psychologically addictive. Benzodiazepines are safer |
| Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital class | Barbiturates |
| Sleep considerations for Barbiturates | Suppresses REM sleep, increased irritability After discontinuation, increased REM sleep, nightmares |
| Muscle Relaxant uses | Skeletal muscle pain, muscle spasms, MS, Parkinsons |
| Dantrium, class, considerations | Muscle relaxant Only muscle relaxant that is not centrally acting, works directly on the skeletal muscles |
| Baclofen, class, considerations | Muscle relaxant Works with an implanted pump |
| Cyclobenzaprine, class, considerations | Muscle relaxant Commonly used after muscle injury, causes marked sedation |
| Major classes of CNS stimulants | Amphetamines, serotonin agonists, sympathomimetics, xanthines |
| Increased HR, increased R, increased BP, increased mental excitability are effects of which drug group | CNS stimulants |
| Migraines, narcolepsy, ADHD, apnea, and obesity are all conditions that can be treated with | CNS stimulants |
| These drugs increase alertness, decrease appetite, improve performance hindered by fatigue/boredom, and elevate mood | CNS stimulants |
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin), class, uses, control | CNS stimulant, ADHD and narcolepsy C2 |
| Atomoxetine, class, use | CNS stimulant, ADHD May cause suicidal thoughts in adolescents Not controlled substance |
| Modafinil (Provigal, class, use, control | CNS stimulant, narcolepsy and shift-work disorder, C4 |
| This drug class is used to treat obesity, is a CNS stimulant and suppresses appetite | Anorexiant |
| Adverse effects of anorexiants | headache, agitation, increased BP, increased HR, dizziness, and anxiety |
| Orlistat, class, use, considerations | Weight loss supplement, binds to fat in the GI tract, causes oily stools and fecal incontinence |
| Serotonin receptor agonists (Triptans), uses, considerations | CNS stimulant, Treatment of migraines Causes vasoconstriction |
| Sumatriptan, class, use, considerations | Serotonin receptor agonists Migraines vasoconstriction |
| analeptics, use, considerations | Treatment of respiratory depression and apnea in neonates, post-op, COPD, drug overdose, ect. |
| Caffeine, class, uses | Analeptics, apnea in neonates, respiratory depression in adults |
| Antiepileptic drugs, class, uses | CNS depressant, treat epileptic disorders |
| Anticonvulsant drugs, class, uses | CNS depressant, treat consultant seizures associated with epileptic disorders Never stop abruptly |
| Three ways antiepileptic drugs work | increase threshold in brain for stimulation, limit the spread of seizure discharge, and decrease the speed of nerve impulses |
| Dilantin, class, considerations | antiepileptic Lethargy, cognitive changes, abnormal movements, and confusion |
| Carbamazepine, class, considerations | Antiepileptic, associated with AUTOINDUCTION |
| autoinduction, define, drug association | Stimulates the liver to produce enzymes that metabolize the drug faster and results in lower than expected drug concentrations, (occurs within 2 months of treatment) **Carbamazepine |
| oxcarbazepine, class | antiepileptic |
| Neurontin (gabapentin), class, use | Antiepileptic, Treat neuropathic pain |
| pregabalin, lamotrigine, topirimate, valproic acid (also used in bipolar disorder) | Antiepileptic drugs |
| Adverse effects of antiepileptics | Cold clammy hands, tremors, sweating, agitation |
| The purpose of anti-Parkinson drugs is to | increase dopamine production, provide synthetic dopamine, treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease |
Created by:
jperrault9941
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