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Abnormal Psychology

Test 1

Question	Answer
Maladjusted or disturbed?	their behaviors cause distress or harm to themselves or to others.
Cultural relativity?	the perspective that different cultures may utilize different standards in definition of abnormality.
Subjective distress?	refers to internal emotions or experiences that are real to the person but cannot be observed directly by other people; unhappiness, fear, apathy, terrifying visual or auditory experiences, and physical aches and pains are examples.
Psychological disability, impairment, or dysfunction?	they are unable to cope adequately with life's stresses and demands.
Psychological impairments?	is unable to do certain things, as opposed to the person who simply does not do them because of personal values, lack of interest, or similar reasons.
Mental health disorders are identified and labeled in the context of what?	people do and how they interact with others around them.
What terms have been used to refer to abnormal behavior?	psychopathology, mental illness, behavior disorder, and emotional disturbance.
Mental disorders involve the following?	a. present distress, b. disability, c. significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or important loss of freedom.
What is a mental disorder?	is a "clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern" that has produced problems for the person.
Diagnostic reliability?	consistency and agreement between clinicians in use of a diagnostic label.
Case study?	the study of an individual clinical case.
Normative or endemolgical research?	often includes the study of incidence of a disorder in a population.
Random sampling?	selecting subjects by chance from some larger population.
Reliability?	the extent to which a measure consistency yields the same results on repeated trials.
Validity?	the extent to which a measure assesses what it is purported to assess.
Interobserver reliability?	the extent to which different observers agree on the way they categorize or in some way quantify a given observation.
Constructs?	hypothetical or theoretical concepts that cannot be measured directly.
Construct validity?	refers to the validity of some specific way of measuring the hypothetical construct.
Correlational research?	the investigator attempts to demonstrate an association or correlation between two or more measures.
Correlational coefficient?	a measure of the direction and strength of relationship between variables.
Experimental method?	research method in which conditions are manipulated in order to test the effects of manipulations on various measures.
Experimental group?	group on which the manipulation of interest is performed in an experimental design.
Control group?	group that is treated similarly to the experimental group, except that no manipulation is performed.
Significant difference?	a difference unlikely to have occurred by chance and therefore reflecting a real effect.
Placebo effect?	when an expectation of improvement is sufficient to case improvement.
Double-blind design?	type of experiment design, in which both subjects and personnel are kept blind with respect to whether a subject is in the experiment or control group.
Single-subject experimental design?	experimental methods that do not rely on groups of people, but rather on repeated measures from individual subjects.
Paradigm?	provides a framework with which to view a phenomenon the vocabulary to use in discussing the subject, and a "recipe" for how to conduct research on the topic.
Trephining?	in this procedure tools, probably of stone, were used to make a sizable hole in the skull, possibly with the intent of permitting entrapped demons to escape.
Demonlogy?	the belief that possession by demons or spirits explains abnormal behavior.
Psychological abnormalities were caused by imbalances of four important bodily fluids?	yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.
An excess of yellow bile means what?	can lead to a person to be easily angered with a hot temper.
An excess of black bile means what?	the patient would sleep poorly and be depressed.
An excess of blood means what?	amorative and hopeful behavior.
An excess of phlegm mean what?	suppressed emotions and produced calm.
Dance manias?	episodes of apparent mass madness in which groups of people danced in the streets.
Dissociative identity disorder?	rare dissociative reaction in which relatively separate and distinctive personalities develop within the same person.
Organic view?	belief that abnormal behavior is caused primarily by biological factors.
Dualism?	the belief that mind and body are separate, and follow different laws.
Lunatics?	those whose mental problems were tolerable to the phases of the moon.
General paresis?	severe disorder characterized by various mental symptoms as well as bodily paralysis; caused by a syphilitic infection in the brain.
Malarial fever therapy?	a treatment for general paresis that involved infecting the patient with malaria to cause a high fever.
Hysteria?	a condition that includes emotional arousal and physical symptoms that seem to have no organic basis.
Mesmerism?	closely related to the phenomenon of hypnosis and derived from the techniques of Anton Mesmer. Induces trances and other altered states of consciousness.
Hypnosis?	a trancelike state induced through suggestion in cooperative subjects.
Anesthesia?	a lack of ordinary sensation in the skin when the body surface becomes insensitive to touch, pain, or heat.
Hemianesthesia?	the whole of one side of the body becomes insensitive.
Tics?	involuntary muscular twitching, usually in the facial muscles.
Abasia?	the inability to walk.
Glove or sleeve anesthesias?	the insensitive area of the hand or arm corresponded with that which would be covered by a glove or sleeve.
La belle indifference?	hysterical patients, instead of being worried of depressed about their physical symptoms, appeared calm and indeed quite cheerful.
Autosuggestion?	a process something like self-hypnosis.
Pavlovian conditioning?	learning process whereby a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response as a result of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus?	stimulus that is naturally capable of eliciting the unconditioned response.
Unconditioned response?	response that occurs naturally or innately to an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus?	an originally neutral stimulus that becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response?	a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction?	repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus where the frequency and strength of conditioned responses tend to decrease, eventually to zero.
Spontaneous recovery?	the brief appearance of the conditioned response with occasional presentation of conditioned stimulus.
Generalization?	responding similarly to similar stimuli.
Discrimination?	narrowing the range of controlling stimuli for a response.
Operant conditioning?	type of learning in which the consequences of a response control is occurrence.
Shifting from a medical model to a biopsychosocial model is an example of what?	a paradigm change.
He was the first to advocate naturalistic explanations for disturbed behaviors?	Hippocrates.
The first asylums devoted entirely to the care of the mentally impaired frequently were started by?	monasteries.
Who was instrumental in founding enlarging more than 30 state institutions for the proper custody and treatment of mental patients?	Dorothea Dix.
He is credited with the philosophical belief of the separation of the mind and the body?	Rene Descartes.
Kraepelin's third category, paranoia, occurred less frequently than his other two symptom patterns and consisted of?	one symptom.
General paresis is?	characterized by delusions of grandeur, dementia, and progressive paralysis, caused by sexually transmitted spirochete.
This was a popular term in the late 1700s for procedures used to induce trances and other altered states of consciousness.	mesmerism.
In hemianesthesia, the whole of one side of the body becomes?	insensitive.
Instead of being worried or depressed about their physical symptoms, many hysterical patients appear calm and indeed quite cheerful in some cases, which is known as?	la belle indifference.
This is a learning process whereby a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response as a result of pairing it with a stimulus that causes that response?	classical conditioning.
________ occurs when the frequency and strength of the conditioned response tends to decrease, eventually to zero, after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?	extinction.
Classical conditioning focuses on the stimuli that ________ the response; operant conditioning emphasizes the stimuli that ______ the response?	precede; follow.
This would NOT be one of the text's criteria for abnormal behavior.	distinctiveness.
The phrase "________" indicates that a behavior that seems abnormal in one cultural context might be perfectly acceptable in a different culture or society?	cultural relativity.
The ________ occurs where, by giving something a label, we assume we have in some sense explained it.	naming fallacy.
The line separating normal from abnormal behavior is difficult to establish, because abnormality is on a ________.	continuum.
Mental disorders are easier to ______ than to explain.	label.
________ have a lifetime prevalence rate of about 30 percent in the U.S. population?	anxiety disorders.
What is a limitation to using a case study?	the findings cannot be generalized to others.
A useful attribute of a case study would be that _______?	it illustrates different forms of abnormal behavior.
Descriptive research about the frequency of different forms of psychopathy among different groups is called?	epidemiological research.
Generalizations can only be made to populations that share the characteristics of the original study's participants. Thus, generalization of findings is closely related to __________.	random sampling.
What method would you use to reveal cause-and-effect relationships between variables?	the experiment.
Unconscious?	is psychoanalytic theory, that part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories.
Unconscious can be divided into parts according to Structural Hypothesis by Freud. What are those three parts?	id: concerned with basic instinctive drives in the unconscious, ego: serves to mediate the expressions of the id in the real world, and the superego: containing our internalized values and corresponding to something like a "conscience".
Oedipal conflict?	in Freudian theory, the erotic attachment to opposite-sex parent, involving feelings of competition and hostility toward same-sex parent, and fears of retaliation (castration anxiety in boys) from the same-sex parent.
Defense mechanisms?	in Freudian theory, strategies whereby a person avoids anxiety-arousing experiences.
Repression?	Defense mechanism in which the anxiety-arousing memory or impulse is prevented from becoming conscious.
Reaction formation?	defense mechanism in which a person behaves in a way directly opposite from some underlying impulse.
Isolation?	defense mechanism in which person separates emotions from intellectual content, or otherwise separates experiences that would be anxiety arousing if permitted to occur together.
Displacement?	defense mechanism in which the person shifts a reaction from some original target person or situation to some other person or situation.
Projection?	defense mechanism in which the person disowns some impulse and attributes it to another person.
Intrapsychic?	refers to unobservable mental events as ideas, wishes, and unconscious conflicts.
Id?	in Freudian theory, that part of the mind from which instinctual impulses originate.
Ego?	in Freudian theory, that part of the mind that mediates between id impulses and external reality.
Superego?	In Freudian theory, the internalized representative of parental or cultural values.
Libido?	psychoanalytic concept referring to the sexual instincts.
Fixations?	in Freudian theory, refers to unusual investment of libidinal energy at a certain psychosexual stage.
Regressions?	in Freudian theory, refers to a return to some earlier stage of psychosexual development in the face of some current frustration.
Phobia?	strong irrational fear of some specific object, animal, or situation.
Free association?	basic procedure in psychoanalysis in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censorship.
Resistance?	in psychoanalysis, the phenomenon in which patients unconsciously resist gaining insight into unconscious motives and conflicts.
Transference?	irrational emotional reaction of a patient to the therapist (usually in psychoanalysis) in which early attributes toward parents are "transferred" to the therapist.
Behaviorism?	an approach to understanding behavior that emphasizes the relation between observable behavior and specifiable environmental events (or stimuli).
Reinforcement?	consequence following a response that increases the likelihood that, in the same situation, the response will be repeated in the future.
Primary reinforcers?	events, usually biological in nature, that almost always provide reinforcement, such as eating when hungry; primary reinforcers do not acquire their reinforcing properties through learning.
Punishers?	types of consequences that weaken or suppresses the behaviors that produce them.
Positive reinforcement?	the contingent presentation of a pleasant result, which strengthens subsequent responding.
Negative reinforcement?	the contingent removal of an unpleasant stimulus, which strengthens subsequent responding.
Discriminative stimulus?	a stimulus that serves as a signal that a certain response will lead to a reinforcement.
Reversal design?	experimental design in which a new reinforcement contingencies are instated for a period of time; followed by reinstatement of the old reinforcement contingencies, and finally the installment of the original, new contingencies.
Modeling?	teaching a behavior by performing the behavior and having the learner imitate it.
Systematic desensitization?	A counterconditioning procedure in which subjects are exposed to gradually strong anxiety-producing stimuli while maintaining a state of relaxation.
Covert sensitization?	form of behavior therapy in which the person is asked to imagine a upsetting scene in order to produce a form of aversion conditioning.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)?	rare form of mental retardation caused by error in protein metabolism, recessively inherited.
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?	proposed that the disorder was caused by excessive dopamine activity in the brain.
Catecholamine hypothesis of depression?	proposed that the mood disorder resulted from a relative depletion of NE in the brain.
Tardive dysinesia?	occasional long term side-effect of phenothiazine treatment of schizophrenia that involves rhythmical, stereotyped movements and lip smacking.
Humanistic approach?	emphasis on viewing people as whole human beings rather than analyzing them in a impersonal fashion.
According to Freud, the mind can be divided into three parts?	id, ego, and superego.
The _______ is concerned with basic instinctive drives in the unconscious.	id.
The ______ contains our internalizing values and is something like a "conscience".	superego.
The driving force behind Oedipal conflict for a young boy is?	castration anxiety.
________ is a defense mechanism in which a person behaves in a way directly opposite from some underlying impulse.	reaction formation.
This part of the mind is predominately conscious?	ego.
Jake has an excessive interest in messy, dirty activities and enjoys "bathroom" humor. According to Freudian theory, Jake may be fixated in the ______ stage?	anal.
According to Freud's analysis, Hans' fear of _______ was symbolic of his unconscious fear of his father.	horses.
John is having an irrational emotional reaction to his therapist, and is shifting his anger he has towards his father onto his therapist. This is known as ________.	transference.
He proposed that operant conditioning and natural selection were actually the same process.	B.F. Skinner.
Twins in resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized ovum are ________ twins.	monozygotic.
This procedure involves stimulation of brain regions by magnetic fields.	rTMS.
The emphasis on the immediate here-and-now experiencing of the individual is the ______ approach.	humanistic.
Someone wearing face paint and a giant foam #1 hand to class displaying which element of the definition for mental illness.	cultural inappropriateness.
Bob has been drinking frequently causing fear and concern amongst his coworkers, family, and friends. What element of the definition of mental illness is Bob demonstrating?	subjective distress.
In today's understanding of mental illness, disorder is most often viewed as a completely separate mental state rather than an extreme on a continuum.	False.
This type of study is useful for identifying trends and collects a great deal of descriptive information.	epidemiological study.
If a study is conducted in a laboratory, it is automatically an experiment and not a correlational design. True or False?	False.
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?	.74.
Which of the following are necessary for something to be considered an experiment?	random assignment to conditions, independent variables (experimental and control), and dependent variables.
In early mental health institutions, before 1792, patient records were not kept. What is one of the major consequences from this?	impairment of our ability to spot trends and thus recognize and classify disorder.
What is trephining and how far back does it date?	the drilling of small holes into the skull to release bad juju, 5000 BC.
Who is the father of modern behaviorism?	John Watson.
Who provided us with our modern approach to classification of mental illness?	Emil Kraeplin.
Which of the following is NOT a part of Freud's conceptualization of the unconscious?	Psyche.
Which of the following is considered the primary defense mechanism?	repression.
Which stage includes oedipal complex?	phallic.
Which behaviorist argued that we shouldn't punish our children ourselves but should hire a stranger to enforce the rules while we comfort the child after punishment?	B.F. Skinner.
Which behaviorist caused a little albert to fear furry animals in order to demonstrate the power of behavioral principles?	John Watson.
Approx. how many genes are there in the human genome?	20,000.
The observable characteristics in genetic studies are known as the _______.	phenotype.
The part of the neuron that sends information is the?	axon.
The part of the neuron that receives the information is the?	dendrite.
The primary diagnostic system used in the U.S. is the?	DSM.
Which is the newest version of the DSM in the U.S.?	DSMV.
Which of the following are valid criticisms of the diagnostic system used in the US?	diagnosis is based on social norms which change.
How many axes are there in the most recent version of the US diagnostic system?	3-2.
Stress is a psychological and physiological response to a stimulus (stressor) that alters the body's equilibrium. True or False?	Ture.
Stress is always maladaptive. True or False?	False.
Which describes stress in animals?	acute, physical, and responsive.
Which describes stress in humans?	chronic, psychological, and anticipatory.
Release of steroid hormones such as cortisol is associated with which stress response?	long term.
Release of epinephrine/norepineephrine is associated with which stress response?	short term.
The admon (2009) study of prospective military recruits found?	amygdala reactivity before stress predicted increase in stress symptoms.
What is the most valid of all approaches to PTSD (according to Dr. Kline)?	CBT.
Which medications are shown to be effective in treating PTSD?	Ecstacy, Zoloft, Psychoanalysis.
Which phase of CBT involves identifying and challenging maladaptive thoughts?	reconceptualization.
Which phase of CBT involves the most homework?	skills consolidation and application training.
In regards to PTSD, what behavioral technique has been heavily integrated into standard CBT?	exposure therapy.
Being tense and easily startled are part of which category of PTSD symptoms?	hyper-arousal.
Emotional numbness, strong guilt, depression, and worry are part of which category of PTSD symptoms?	avoidance.
Flashbacks, bad dreams, and frightening thoughts are part of which category of PTSD symptoms?	Re experiencing.
Which of the following was true of asylums?	it was not uncommon for patients to be on display for paying visitors.
General paresis is?	a deterioration of physical and mental health due to syphilis.
Messages are carried across the synapse by?	neurotransmitters.
When she was frightened, Maxine's heart rate and blood pressure increased, her pupils dilated, and she started sweating. It is likely that her ______ was activated.	sympathetic nervous system.
Mental disorders are relatively rare and most people don't know someone has been diagnosed. True or False?	False.
Which of the following research methods are least used in psychology?	experiments.
Syndrome?	pattern of symptoms that tends to occur together in a particular disease.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)?	a record of electrical activity of the brain in terms of brain frequencies, measured the scalp.
Mental status examination?	brief interview and observation method to provide an overview of a person's general level of psychological functioning.
Psychological tests?	a highly standardized procedure for obtaining a sample of behavior.
Projective tests?	tests on which the person is presented with ambiguous stimulus materials and asked to respond in some way; based on assumption that person project characteristics of their own intrapsychic processes into their responses.
Personality inventories?	a self-report questionnaire in which brief responses to a collection of test items are used to assess personal characteristics or behaviors across various personality dimensions.
Computerized axial tomography (CT)?	computer-guided X-ray technique to image 3-dimensional representations of the brain or other organ.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?	imaging technique using variations in magnetic fields to produce 3-dimensional images of the brain or other organs with better resolution than CT scans.
Positron emission tomography (PET)?	imaging technique that measures metabolic activity (such as glucose utilization) as an indication of the functioning of the brain or other organ.
A pattern of symptoms that tends to occur together in a particular disease is known as _______?	syndrome.
When the DSM was revised in _______ into the DSM-II, the number of mental disorders listed was increased by 50 percent.	1968.
The DSM-III-R was published in ________.	1987.
Personality disorders and mental retardation are listed on _________.	Axis II.
General medical conditions which are potentially relevant are listed on _______.	Axis III.
All of the following are Axis II disorders EXCEPT?	obsessive compulsive disorder.
______ allows the diagnostician to assess a person's global level of functioning	Axis V.
For both the _______, the results of reliability field trials were not included.	DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR.
These are highly standardized procedures for obtaining a sample of behavior, and have been normed through the use of representative samples.	psychological tests.
The Rorschach is an example of a ________.	projective test.
Subjects are asked to make up stories about pictures of varying degrees of ambiguity on the _______.	thematic apperception test.
The _______ on the MMPI-2 is composed of a number of items that are mildly derogatory but probably true for most of us.	L-scale.
This scale consists of a series of questions in which the examinee can select statements reflecting the severity of symptoms like sadness and hopelessness.	Beck Depression inventory.
This a newer method of brain imaging that essentially allows the tracking of blood flow in the brain in real time is a(n) ________.	fMRI.
Competency?	the mental ability to handle one's own legal affairs, and to understand and assist in legal proceedings.
Sanity?	the mental ability to distinguish right from wrong, and to form the intent to commit an act such as a crime.
McNaghten rule?	legal guideline that insanity concerns an individual's inability to distinguish right from wrong in committing the crime.
Irresistible impulse rule?	legal guideline that insanity concerns a person's inability to resist committing the crime.
Durham rule?	legal guideline that insanity concerns the extent to which the criminal act was a product of mental disorder.
Institutionalization?	the tendency for residents of an institution to become increasingly less able to function in the outside world the longer they remain within the institution.
Confidentiality?	an ethical obligation on the part of the therapist not to reveal sensitive information to others.
Privileged communication?	information disclosed to a therapist that cannot be legally revealed without the written consent of the patient.
While _______ may employ psychotherapy to treat patients, their preferred treatment typically involves the use of prescription medications.	psychiatrists.
A Ph.D. is a _________.	Doctor of Philosophy.
John wants to become a clinical psychologist. He will need to pursue another _______ of education beyond the Bachelor's degree.	4-6 days.
Defendants are typically assumed to be able to handle their own legal affairs, and to understand and assist in legal proceedings. This is known as	competency.
After receiving the opinions of the forensic psychologists who examined Charles, this individual made the determination as to whether Charles was competent to stand trial.	the judge.
He claimed that demons speaking with the voices of barking dogs had ordered him to kill six people and wound seven others.	David Berkowitz.
He was tried for the murder of a man whom he had believed to be the home secretary of the British government.	Daniel McNaughten.
In 1970, a class action suit (_______) was brought against the state of Alabama for not providing either mental patients or institutionalized mentally retarded patients with a minimum degree of treatment.	Wyatt v. Stickney.
In 1986, Congress passed the Protection and Advocacy for Mentally III Individuals Act which _________.	established a system to safeguard the rights of those with serious mental disorders and to investigate allegations of abuse.
Dr. Miller has a fascinating new patient she is treating. She would love to tell her best friend about how fascinating this new patient is; however, Dr. Miller has an ethical obligation not to reveal sensitive information to others. This is known as	confidentiality.
A clear implication of the Tarasoff decision is that the therapist should _____.	warn a person whom the client has specifically threatened to harm.
Currently, most psychotropic medications are prescribed by __________.	non-psychiatric physicians.
What are the four D's of mental illness?	deviant-different, distress, disability=dysfunction, dangerous.
Dysfunction=	Occupational, Interpersonal, Leisure.
Hypervilagence?	always thinking something is going to happen.
What does DSM stand for?	the diagnostic and statistical manual of the american psychiatric association version.
Id=	desire (childish part of you) flexible.
Ego=	the part of you that pays the bills (the main personality).
Superego=	(the parent inside of you).
Carl Rogers?	president of psychological association.
Parents patriae means what?	"parents of the country".
Parents patriae is what?	a legal doctrine which allows the state to protect the patients' best interest and provide protection from self harm.

Created by: danreid

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