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social
terms only
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociological imagination | the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces. |
| Social institution | a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people |
| Verstehen | German: understanding. The concept of Verstehen forms the object of inquiry for interpretive sociologyto study how social actors understand their actions and the social world through experience. |
| Anomie | a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness. |
| Positivist sociology | a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships (akin to a social physics). |
| Double consciousness | a concept conceived by W. E. B. DuBois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African America |
| Functionalism | the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running. |
| Conflict theory | the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general. |
| Symbolic interactionism | a microlevel theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions. |
| Postmodernism | a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affi liations. |
| Social construction | an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreedupon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that |
| Midrange theory | a theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function. |
| Microsociology | seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and indepth interviews. |
| Macrosociology | generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysisthat is, across the breadth of a society. |
| Socialization | the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society. |
| Self | the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person. |
| I | one’s sense of agency, action, or power |
| Me | the self as perceived as an object by the “I”; the self as one imagines others perceive one. |
| Other | someone or something outside of oneself. |
| Generalized other | an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settingsregardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before. |
| Resocialization | the process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution. |
| Total institution | an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of daytoday life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority. |
| Status | a recognizable social position that an individual occupies. |
| Role | the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status. |
| Role strain | the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status. |
| Role conflict | the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses. |
| Status set | all the statuses one holds simultaneously |
| Ascribed status | a status into which one is born; involuntary status. |
| Achieved status | a status into which one enters; voluntary status. |
| Master status | one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others |
| Gender roles | sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female |
| Symbolic interactionism | a microlevel theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions. |
| Dramaturgical theory | the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets. |
| Face | the esteem in which an individual is held by others. |
| Ethnomethodology | literally “the methods of the people,” this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order |
| Endogamy | Within social group |
| Exogamy | Outside group |
| Monogamy | One partner |
| Polygamy | Multiple partners |
| Polyandry | Multiple husbands |
| Polygyny | Multiple wives |
| hidden curriculum | nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling |
| Education | the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed. |
| Social capital | the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks. |
| cultural capital | symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations. |
| Stereotype threat | when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes |
| resource dilution model | hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them. |
| dyad | group of 2 |
| triad | group of 3 or more |
| tertius gaudens | the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group. |
| Divide et impera | the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group. |
| Social deviance | any transgression of socially established norms. |
| Crime | the violation of laws enacted by society. |
| Social cohesion | social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day today basis. |
| Mechanical or segmental solidarity | social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts. |
| Organic solidarity | social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts |
| Social control | those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
| Formal social sanctions | mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior. |
| Informal social sanctions | the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life. |
| Social integration | how well you are integrated into your social group or community. |
| Social regulation | the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a daytoday basis. |
| Egoistic suicide | suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group. |
| Altruistic suicide | suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration |
| Anomie | a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation. |
| Anomic suicide | suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation. |
| Fatalistic suicide | suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation. |
| Strain theory | Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals. |
| Conformist | individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable. |
| Ritualist | individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means. |
| Innovator | social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them. |
| Retreatist | one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society. |
| Rebel | individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated |
| Labeling theory | the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, form the basis of their selfidentity. |
| Primary deviance | the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act toward you. |
| Secondary deviance | subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you. |
| Stigma | a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own selfconcept and social identity. |
| Broken windows theory of deviance | theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts. |
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