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Bart'sPlateTectonics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which German Meteorologist developed the theory of Continental Drift? | Alfred Wegener |
| What does the theory of Continental Drift say? | Contients have moved slowly over time to their current locations |
| What does the theory of Continental Drift call the single landmass of Earth that broke apart about 200 million years ago? | Pangaea |
| List the evidence that Wegener presented for Continental Drift. | 1. Puzzle-like fit of continents 2. Fossil Clues 3. Climate clues 4. Rock Clues |
| Explain what puzzle fit of continents means. | the coastlines if continents fit together like puzzle pieces and match up for example S. america fits into Africa |
| Explain the fossil clues of continental drift. | Mesosaurus a freshwater reptile was found on both S. America and Africa and wasn't capable of swimming between them, also Glossopteris an ancient warm weather plant has been found on Africa, S. America, Australia, India and Antarctica |
| Explain the climate clues of continental drift. | Fossils of warm climate plants are found in present-day cold climates (Coal is an example made from warm marsh plants but found in mountains and other cold regions, also rocks deposited by glaciers from ice ages are found in present-day warm climates |
| Explain the rock clues of continental drift. | Similar rock structures are found on different continents separated by oceans for example the Appalachians in USA are similar to mountains in Greenland and rocks in Africa and S. America match |
| Why was Wegener's theory of Continental Drift not accepted by scientists during his lifetime? | He could not provide the mechanism or reason why the continents move |
| What is a mid-ocean ridge and how were they discovered? | an underwater mountain range found using radio waves to map the ocean floor |
| How does a mid-ocean ridge form? | less dense magma flows out of a crack in the Earth's crust which drags the seafloor along with it as it is pushed up and out |
| What is seafloor spreading? | the seafloor spreads apart as magma flows up through a crack in the Earth's crust at the ridge forming new rock |
| List the evidence used to explain seafloor spreading. | 1. Drilling 2. Magnetism |
| Explain how drilling provided evidence of seafloor spreading. | Rock samples were removed from the ocean floor using drills. As you move away from the mid-ocean ridges the rock gets older the farther you go. |
| Explain how magnetism provided evidence of seafloor spreading. | When the rock samples were examined from the ocean floor there are changes in magnetic alignment (direction of North) of the Earth found in alternating bands that are the same on either side of a mid-ocean ridge. |
| What theories were combined to create the Theory of Plate tectonics? | Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading |
| What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? | The Earth's crust and solid upper mantle (the lithosphere) are broken into plates and move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle (called the asthenosphere) |
| List the seven major tectonic plates. | 1. North American 2. South American 3. Pacific (largest) 4. African 5. Antarctic 6. Australian 7. Eurasian |
| List the 3 types of plate boundaries. | Divergent, Convergent, Transform |
| Describe a Divergent plate boundary. | 2 plates move apart and form new crust |
| What features form at a divergent plate boundary? | Mid-ocean ridge or rift valley |
| Describe a Convergent boundary. | 2 plates move together |
| Describe the 3 different types of Convergent boundaries. | 1. Ocean plate and continental plate collide pushing the ocean plate under the continental plate 2. Continental plate and Continental plate collide forcing both plates upward 3. Ocean plate collide with ocean plate pushing up islands |
| What features form at a convergent boundary? | 1. Ocean-continent collide form trenches & volcanic mountains or islands Ex: Marianas trench and Andes 2. Continent-continent collide form high mountain ranges Example: Himalayas 3.Ocean and ocean collide form volcanic island arc Example: Mariana Islands |
| Describe a Transform boundary. | 2 plates slide past each other in different directions or the same direction but different rates |
| What features form at a transform boundary? | Strike-slip faults Ex: San Andreas fault in California |
| What causes the movement of the tectonic plates? | Convection currents inside the mantle of the Earth |
| What is causes a convection current in the mantle? | heating of magma at the Earth's core that rises, this magma cools when it hits the underside of the crust, the cooling magma sinks dragging the plates of the lithosphere with it |
| What features are formed by plate tectonics? | Faults, Volcanoes, mountains |
| What is a fault? | a crack in the tectonic plates (rocks) caused by stress, happen at plate boundaries and when they move cause Earthquakes |
| How do volcanoes form at plate boundaries? | During subduction, magma oozes up through the crust and erupts on the surface forming a volcano |
| Where do mountains form? | A convergent and divergent plate boundaries |
| What is the process of mountain building called? | Orogenesis |
| What are the 4 types of mountains? | 1.Volcanic 2. Folded 3. Fault-block 4. Upwarped |
| Describe a folded mountain. | rocks are squeezed from opposite sides causing them to buckle and fold (Convergent boundary) |
| Describe a fault-block mountain. | Huge tilted blocks of rock that are separated by faults |
| Describe an upwarped mountain. | blocks of Earth's crust are pushed up by forces inside the Earth (Domes) |
| Give an example of folded mountains. | Himalayas and Appalachias |
| Give an example of Fault block mountains. | Sierra Nevadas |
| Give an example of upwarped mountains. | Rockies |
| What is elastic deformation? | Rocks will bend and stretch up to a limit |
| What is it called when a rock reaches its breaking point and finally cracks or breaks sending vibrations out into the surrounding rock caused by the movement of the break. | Earthquake |
| List the 3 types of faults. | 1. Normal 2. Reverse 3. Strike-Slip |
| Describe a Normal fault. | The hanging wall moves down in relation to the foot wall |
| What type of force acts on a normal fault? | Tension or pulled apart |
| Describe a Reverse fault. | The hanging wall moves up in relation to the foot wall |
| What type of force acts on a reverse fault? | Compression or pressing together |
| Describe a Strike-Slip fault. | the sides of the fault move past each other horizontally either in different directions or at different speeds in the same direction |
| What type of force acts on a strike-slip fault? | Shear or tearing in different directions |
| What is the wave called that are created by Earthquakes that travel through the Earth? | Seismic waves |
| What is the point called where the earthquake energy is first released? | Focus |
| Where is the focus found? | Below the Earth's surface along the fault or break in rock |
| What if the point directly above the focus on the Earth's surface called? | Epicenter |
| List the 3 types of seismic waves. | 1. Primary (P) 2. Secondary (S) 3. Surface (L) |
| How does a P-wave move? | rock particles move back and forth in the same direction the wave is traveling |
| How does a S-wave move? | rock particles move up and down at right angles to the direction the wave travels |
| Where do P and S waves originate? | At the Earthquake focus |
| Which type of wave travels fastest? | P- wave |
| How does a L-wave (surface) move? | rock particles move in a backward, rolling and side to side swaying motion (3 directions) |
| Which wave type causes the most damage? | L-wave or surface wave |
| Where do surface waves originate? | At the Earthquake epicenter |
| What is a seismograph? | a machine that records the waves and time of arrival of Earthquake waves |
| What is a seismogram? | The actual paper and recording of an earthquake |
| How is epicenter distance from a station calculated? | The difference in time of the arrival of the P and S waves |
| How many stations are required to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? | 3 different stations |
| The amount of energy released in an earthquake is what? | magnitude |
| Which numeric scale describes the strength (magnitude) of an earthquake. | Richter scale |
| Which numeric scale describes the amount of danage done by an earthquake? | Mercalli scale |
| What is liquefaction? | The shaking of an earthquake causes wet soil to act like a liquid allowing the ground to sink and things built on it to collapse |
| What is an ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes? | Tsunami |
| What is another name for seismic sea waves? | tsunami |
Created by:
mickeycurran
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