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CLLS-302
Clls-302 final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glassware calibrated to deliver the amount of liquid that is marked on the instrument is labeled what | TD |
| A substance that is dissolved in a liquid is a | solute |
| A substance that dissolves a substance is a | solvent |
| The combination of a solute and a solvent is a | solution |
| Glassware is calibrated at | 20 degrees C |
| Chemical bond in which 2 or more atoms share their valence electrons is a | covalent bond |
| A chemical bond in which 1 or more valence electrons is completely transferred from 1 atom to another | Ionic |
| What is the term for a solution that contains relatively little solute | dilute |
| What is the term for a solution that contains a large amount of dissolved solute | concentrated |
| Beer's Law | (A unknown/A standard) X C standard |
| The purpose of a light filter in the spectrophotometer is | Isolate individual wavelengths of light |
| Icteric | excessive amount of bilirubin |
| Lipemic | excessive amount of fats |
| Hemolyzed | excessive amount of blood |
| Carbohydrates are characterized by what properties | # of sugar units, location of the CO functional group, and size of the base carbon chain |
| Carbohydrate with chainc of 2-10 sugars units is what | oligosaccharides |
| Insulin and glucagon are produced by which cells | cells of the islets of Langerhans |
| Hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into the cell is | insulin |
| In hypoglycemia, the body responds to low glucose levels by releasing | glucagon and epinephrine |
| Ketoacidosis | an acute complication of diabetes mellitus |
| Autoimmune disorders are associated with what type of diabetes | type 1 |
| What is the product measures in the hexokinase method for measuring glucose | amount of NADPH produced from the reduction of NADP |
| Genetic defect in carbohydrate metabolism in which there are deficiencies of specific enzymes that cause an alteration in glycogen metabolism | Galactosemia |
| Glucose is stored in muscle and the liver as | glycogen |
| HbA 1C | The fraction of adult hemoglobin that is often measured to assess glycemic control for the past 3 months |
| What method is the most specific for testing glucose? It only reacts with Beta-D-Glucose | Glucose oxidase |
| Primary function of albumin in the circulation is to | regulate the oncotic pressure |
| Guthrie bacterial inhibition test is used to detect elevated levels of | Phenyalanine |
| The elemental component that sets proteins apart from lipid and carbohydrates is | nitrogen |
| Homocysteinemia is associated with | a nutritional deficiency of folate and vitamin B6 |
| Alpha fetoprotein may be included in a testing panel for | prenatal screening for neural tube defects |
| A protein that is formed in response to a specific stimulus and is synthesized by plasma cells is known as | Immunoglobulin |
| Most common method testing for albumin determination | Dye Binding method |
| What are the common dyes us in Dye binding | BCG, BCP, and Methyl Orange |
| A/G ratio is | the calculation commonly used to assess the ratio of the major plasma protein components |
| haptoglobin | the protein that is able to bind free hemoglobin in the plasma |
| Monoclonal band of IgM in gamma globulin region, serum hyperviscosity, less bone pain & fewer infections that multiple myeloma | Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia |
| higher incidence of infections, monoclonal band of IgG or IgA in the gamma globulin region, severe bone pain | Multiple myeloma |
| What protein is activated by thrombin to form a clot | fibrinogen |
| Classic method for quantification of total proteins is based on what | Kjeldahl method |
| Protein synthesis occurs mainly in what organ | liver |
| C-reactive protein has become an effective tool in predicting what | cardiovascular inflammation |
| Zero-order kinetics | clinical assays that measure enzyme activities |
| What enzyme shows the greatest specificity for hepatocellular liver damage | alanine aminotransferase |
| A woman in her 3rd trimester of pregnancy would be expected to have high levels of what | ALP |
| Coenzyme | an organic, non-protein molecule that is necessary for enzyme activation |
| Extremely elevated activity of what enzyme is consistent with Duchenne type MD | CK |
| What enzyme is used in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma | ACP |
| Primary tissue source of amylase | pancreas |
| Enzyme to assess liver function | Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase |
| Factors determining the rate of enzyme reaction: | pH, temperature, cofactors, substrate concentration |
| what enzymes are generally used quantitatively to help diagnose acute pancreatitis | Amylase and lipase |
| What is the diagnosis: CK-moderately increased, LD-moderately increased, and LD-1 is increased | Myocardial infarcction |
| fatty acids yield energy through | beta oxidation |
| The formula used to calculate indirect LDL cholesterol levels is: | Friedewald equation |
| What lipid fractions are very large molecules with a low density & give plasma a milky appearance when present in increased amounts? | chylomicrons |
| What forms of cholesterol will be measured using the cholesterol oxidase enzymatic method? | esterfied and free |
| Which alipoprotein is a variant of LDL and has been associated with elevated risk of CHD | Lp(a) |
| What tests would be included in a routine lipid profile? | Cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides |
| Liebermann-Burchardt procedure | the reference method for cholesterol analysis that involves an extraction process used to measure free and cholesterol easters |
| Measurement of HDL cholesterol using a direct method that suppresses the enzymatic cholesterol other than HDL is called | hologenous assay |
| The most important use of Phospholipid measurement is to assess | fetal lung maturity |
| The lipoprotein that has the highest ration of lipid to protein is | HDL |
| Increased blood ammonia levels may be associated with | hepatic failure, encephalopathy, and neurological changes |
| What is the major organ for excretion and reabsorption of metabolized materials | kidney |
| Use of a cation exchange resin, and elution step and quantification by Berthelot reaction describes the method to quantify | uric acid |
| In a diacetyl monoxime method, diacetyl reacts directly with urea | urea |
| The Jaffe reaction is used for the quantification of | creatinine |
| Caraway method | uric acid |
| Azotemia is the elevation of what | uric acid, creatinine, and urea |
| The normal ratio for creatinine | 10:1 to 20:1 |
| What is the most common test used to assess kidney function | urinalysis |
| Hematuria, proteinuria, elevated BUN & Creatinine, and Hyaline & Granular Casts | Acute Glomerularnephritis |
| Endogenous substance used to assess the glomerular filtration rate that affords the most accurate measure of renal clearance | creatinine |
| The nitrogenous end product of catabolism of purines from dietary endogenous sources is | uric acid |
| Creatinine reacts with strong alkaline picrate to form a yellow-red compound. This reaction is | Jaffe reaction |
| Uric acid may be determined with | The enzyme urease and the formation of a blue color with phosphotungstic acid |
| urea ref range | 6-20mg/dL |
| Creatinine ref range | 0.6-1.1 mg/dL |
| Uric acid ref range | 0.5-7.2 mg/dL |
| Ammonia ref range | 10-60 microliters/dl |
| The cation present in the greatest concentration extracellularly is | sodium |
| Sodium and potassium levels in the blood are measured using | ion selective electrodes |
| Lab method of choice for detecting cystic fibrosis | sweat test |
| Electrolyte that is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis and is an early indicator of the severity of O2 depletion | lactate |
| Electrolytic anion that is reabsorbed with Na+ in the proximal tubule | chloride |
| Formula for Anion Gap | (Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-) |
| Which organs play an important role in the maintaining the blood pH level? | lung and kidney |
| Metabolic acidosis is | a disorder caused by kidney dysfunction |
| Respiratory acidosis is | disorder caused by lung dysfunction |
| Metabolic acidosis | decreased pH, decreased Bicarb |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | increased pH, increased Bicarb |
| Respiratory Acidosis | decreased pH, increased pCO2 |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | increased pH, decrease pCO2 |
| The iron-transport protein in the blood is | tranferrin |
| Disorder associated with abnormal excessive absorption of iron from normal diet | hemochromotosis |
| TIBC measures the serum iron-transporting capacity for | transferrin |
| The PTH assay that measures both the n and the c-terminal end of molecule | intact PTH assay |
| The chromogen that produce a colored complex with iron is most commonly used in laboratory analysis of total iron levels | hemochromatosis |
| What trace element is a metal cofactor in the reactions of over 300 enzymes within the body | zinc |
| which electrolyte is a cofactor in the reactions of over 300 enzymes in the body | magnesium |
| Physiologically active form of calcium is | ionized |
| The formation of a molybdenum blue complex is associated with the quantification of | phosphate |
| What reagent is used in a colorimetric method to quantify the concentration of serum calcium | Cresolphthalein complexone |
| What is the primary storage form of iron | ferritin |
| A person who is deficient of chromium may develop | insulin resistance and glucose intolerance |
| cobalt is an essential element in which of the following vitamins | vitamin B12 |
| Serum iron: decreased, TIBC: increased, Transferrin: decreased, Serum ferritin: decreased | Iron deficiency anemia |
| Enzymes most commonly analyzed to assess liver condition are | ALT and AST |
| What disease is the measurement of brain type natriuretic peptide most useful | congestive heart failure |
| The enzyme system that catalyzes the conjugation of bilirubin is known as | Uridine diphosphate glucotonyl transferase |
| The most common method of bilirubin testing is | Jendrassik and Groff method |
| The enzyme that originates in the liver, correlates with elevated ALP liver isoenzymes and is very sensitive to metastatic liver cancer | 5'nucleotidase |
| Chronic hepatitis is diagnosed by the presence of what clinical finding | elevated levels of liver enzymes for greater than 6 month period of time |
| What is the clinical usefulness of measuring Albumin cobalt binding for IMA | Is used to diagnose and monitor Acute MI |
| The most common method of Urobilinogen testing | Malloy and Evelyn |
| Addison's disease corresponds with | decreased cortisol levels |
| Pituitary secretion of ACTH is inhibited by elevated levels of | cortisol |
| Glucocorticoid hormones major function is the regulation of | blood glucose hemostasis |
| A prolactinoma is a _______ that secretes prolactin | pituitary tumor |
| The principle method used to measure hormone levels in blood in most clinical labs | Immunoassays |
| Estrogen is what type of hormone | steroid |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone is what type of hormone | glycoprotein |
| progesterone is what type of hormone | steroid |
| lutenizing hormone is what type of hormone | glycoprotein |
| androsterone is what type of hormone | steroid |
| Oncogene | a gene which encodes a protein that, when mutated, promotes uncontrolled cell growth |
| Glycolytic enzymes are effective indicators of tumor progression because | malignant cells have high rate of glycolytic activity |
| The most ommon method of tumor marker analysis is | quantitative immunoassay |
| NMP is a tumor marker designed for what purpose | test for recurrence of bladder cancer |
| A markedly elevated clinical usefulness of measuring carcinoembyonic antigen | monitoring for recurrence of colon cancer |
| What is used to assist in diagnosing pancreatic cancer | Serum amylase, CA 50 and CA 19.9 |
| Why is the administration of Leucovorin necessary after a methotrexate infusion | to reverse the effects of DNA synthesis inhibition |
| Mechanistic | Cellular and biological effects of toxins |
| clinical | Interrelationship of toxins and disease |
| Descriptive | analysis of animal exposure to toxins |
| forensic | mediolegal consequences of toxin exposure |
| A(unk)/A(std) X C(std) = C(unk) | Beer's law |
| LDL=TC-HDL-(trig/5) | Friedwalds formula |
Created by:
pamela18
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