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9th PS:Chapter 9 SS
Chapter 9 Physical Science Study Stack for 5 points bonus on the test!!!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heat flows from ______ ___ ________. | hot to cold |
| An object's thermal energy | Heat |
| Thus to lower an oobject's heat content, or temperature, you have to have a colder object into which the _____ can flow. | heat |
| According to the ________________________, atoms, molecules ions, and their subatomic particles are in constant motion and thus have kinetic energy. | kinetic-molecular model |
| Atoms, molecules, ions and their subatomic particles also exert attrative or repulsive forces on each other that generate _________ ________ among the particles. | potential energies |
| Add the potential energies adn teh kinetic energies together and you get the ________ _______ _________ of matter. | total internal energy |
| TE = KE + PE | Total energy = kinetic energy + potential energy |
| The _______ ________ of that system is the sum of all kinetic energy of its particles. | thermal energy |
| Thermal energy is then only a ______ of the internal energy. | part |
| Thermal energy can only be measured as it is __________ from system to another. | transferred |
| You can measure the change in the thermal energy by measuring the change in the ________________ of a system. | temperature |
| What happens is that the higher temperature object has higher thermal energy adn thus the molecules in it are moving around at a ________ rate. | faster |
| When these faster moving molecules hit molecules in the cooler object that are moving at a slower rate the cooler molecules are pushed and start _____________ more. | moving |
| The faster moving molecules hit more molecules in the _______ _________ until all of them are moving more. | cooler object |
| When the molecules start moving more they are __________ _________ __________. | gaining kinetic energy (energy of motion) |
| When you gain kinetic energy you ______________ _______ ____________ _________. | increase your thermal energy |
| When you gain kinetic energy you ______________ ________ ________________. | increase your temperature |
| Transferring particle kinetic enrgy, the motion | heating or cooling |
| The object is cooled when its particle kinetic energy is transferred to another _________ object. | cooler |
| The object is __________ when it gets hit by the faster (hotter) moving molecules and thus the cooler object's molecules start moving more themselves. | heated |
| A loss of thermal energy is usually accompanied by ___________ ________________. | falling temperatures |
| A gain of thermal energy is usually accompanied by __________ ________________. | rising temperatures |
| The temperature of an object is directly related to the ____________ ______________ __________ of its atoms and molecules. | average kinetic energy |
| That means that individual atoms and molecules inside an object may have differing amounts of kinetic energy, but if you added them all up and divided by the total number of atoms or molecules you could claculate the _____________ of the object. | temperature |
| Temperature is measured in degrees using a ______________. | thermometer. |
| Many thermometers work by measuring the ____________ of a liquid or metal when it gets hotter and gains thermal energy. | expansion |
| The Farenheit scale is used on thermometers in the US and was created in ______ by _________ ______________. | 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit |
| _________ was used as the liquid inside the thermometer. | Mercury |
| "Gabriel initially selected two temperatures such as _________ __________ (fixed, precisely known, and easily reproductible temperature values): the freezing point of a mixture of salt, water, and ice and the temperature of the blood of a healthy man." | fiducial points |
| Farenheit later changed the fidicial point to the _____________ point and _______________ point of pure water. | freezing, boiling |
| In 1742 Anders Celsius devised a ____________ ______________ __________. | decimal temperature scale |
| In 1848 _____________ propsed a temperature scale in which the lowest temperature would be absolute zero. | Lord Kelvin |
| The freezing point of water is _______. | 273 K |
| The degree size is the same with ________ and __________. | Celsius and Kelvin |
| But the degree size is smaller in ____________. | Farenheit |
| The advantage of the Kelvin scales is there are _____ __________________ ____________. | no negative values. |
| It is necessary to be able to convert between Farenheit and Celsius and _________. | Kelvins |
| The formula for Celsius | 5/9 (Farenheit - 32) |
| 9/5 (Celsius) + 32 | The formula for Fahrenheit |
| _____________ _______________ happens on the particle level. | Thermal expansion |
| Thermal expansion is when the particles gain __________ and can move away form each other more as a result of causing the object to litterally get bigger or gain volume. | energy |
| Thermal expansion is why sidewalks have a _______ in them. This is to allow the sidewalk to gain voume (stretch0 without the sidewalk buckling. | line |
| Electrical resistance increases with increasing temperature because the electrons move more ___________. | randomly |
| Electrical resistance is a way to measure how well electricity is __________. | conducted |
| Resistance in electrical resistance refers to the _________ of electricity. | flow |
| Viscosity the measure of the ___________ of liquids to flow, decreases with increasing temperature. | resistance |
| The more viscous a liquid is the ________ it flows. | slower |
| Maple syrup is more viscous than ________ for example. | water |
| The phrase "you are slower than molasses in the winter" means you move slower than _______ syrup. | cold |
| When you microwave your syrup you increase the syrup's themal energy thus lower the syrup's __________! | viscosity |
| "Less viscous liquids are easier to pump, so engineers often try to _______ liquids in piping distribution systems. | warm |
| Motor oil is used to lubricat car adn truck engines, but if the oid gets too ____, it loses it viscosity and is less effective at reducing freiction between moving metal parts." | hot |
| The quantity of thermal energy that flows from one place to another. | Heat |
| Heat transfers occur through __________, ____________, and _____________. | conduction, convection, radiation |
| On the other hand, __________ depend on at least some viscosity to coat surfaces. | lubricants |
| ____________ is when two objects fo different temperatures touch, thermal energyn moves from the hotter object to the cooler one. | Conduction |
| When a warmer object contacts a cooler one, its faster-moving particles collide with the cooler object's slower moving particles, transferring ___________ ________, or making them move faster. | kinetic energy |
| _________ __________ is when the hotter object will cool and the cooler object will heat until all the particles in both objects are moving at the same rate, have the same kinetic energy, and are at the same temperature. | Thermal equilibrium |
| _______________ is the chief process by which thermal energy moves through solids. | Conduction |
| _____ materials can conduct thermal energy, though some are better than others. | All |
| Diamond is the best natural _________ of thermal energy. | conductor |
| Metals are good conductors of energy, but _________ and ________ are not. | plastic, wood |
| ________ is when thermal energy is carried from one location to another by a fluid. | Convection |
| Remember that gases and liquids are __________!!!!!! | fluid |
| Remember that dry ice gases flow ______. | down |
| Natural convection occurs under the influence of _________. | gravity |
| Warmer fluids rise, which makes sense because warmer things have more energy and can spread ________ more making them less dense. | apart |
| Hot air and hot water _______. The opposite is also true. | rises |
| Colder fluids sink because they are more _______. | dense |
| _________ ___________ is a current in a fluid that results from convection. | Convection current |
| _________________ ____________ is responsible for many kinds of winds near the earth's surface and for large-scale atmospheric circulation. | Atmospheric convection |
| ______________ _____________ ___________ keep the earth's surface temperature within habitable limits. | Global convection currents |
| Without ___________ __________ the lands near t he equator would bake and the lands nearer the north adn south poles would be locked in ice. | convection currents |
| __________ is thermal energy taht radiates fromt he source outward. | Radiation |
| Think of the sun rays sending _______ energy through the vacuum of space to warm the earth. | thermal |
| "Thermal energy moves most efficiently through the vacuum as ___________ ___________." | radiant energy |
| A _________ is large amounts of empty space. Space with no particles in it or very small amounts of particles in it - like the space between the sun and the earth. | vacuum |
| As electrons move about the nucleus of a vibrating atom, the atom exchanges energy with its surroundings in the form of ________________ energy. | electromagnetic |
| All atoms emit this energy, particularly as ___________ energy. | infarecd |
| The _________ the temperature of the substance, the ________ electromagnetic energy is emmited | higher, more |
| ______________ __________moves in space through the process of radiation. | Electromagnetic energy |
| Because thermal energy can be transferred by radiant energy, many people consider themt o be the same thing; however, radiant energy is distinct from thermal energy in that it does not use _______ to move between systems. | matter |
| Radiant energy can transfer thermal energy between two objects that are not in ________. | contact |
| __________ __________ does not use matter to move between systems. | Radiant energy |
| _________ ________ needs matter to move. | Thermal energy |
| ___________ are materials that resist the flow of thermal energy. | Insulators |
| Insulators, or bad conductors, generally have atoms taht are farther ________. | apart |
| Styrofoam, glass, air, cooler, coffee thermos and gases | Good insulators |
| A vacuum is the _____ __________ because there are no particles present. | best insulator |
| The atoms of ______ conductors are bonded closely together, and they have many loose _________ that can easily move among the atoms. | good, electrons |
| _______ are good insulators because their atoms are so far apart that they cannot efficiently transfer thermal energy from partcle to particle. | Gases |
| __________ _________ is the relationship between the amount of thermal energy absorbed and the temperature change caused by this. | Heat capacity (C) |
| Heat capacity is found in _____________ or ____________. | JOULES (J), degree celsius (or J/K) |
| It is the amount of energy an object must gain to raise the temperature of something by one _________ _________. | degree Celsius |
| The larger the heat capacity the ______ it is to heat that object up! | harder |
| THe larger the heat the more energy it requires to ________ the temperature. | change |
| ______ has a larger heat capacity tahn metal, and plastic has a larger heat capacity than glass. | Wood |
| That is why you use ______ spoons to stir your cooking pots of food and you use plastic containers over _______ in the microwave. | wood, glass |
| C=Q/t | Heat capacity formula |
| In the heat capacity formula, C = _________ ________. | heat capacity |
| In the heat capacity formula, Q = ____________ ________ ____ ___________. | thermal energy in joules (J) |
| In the heat capacity formula, t = ___________ ____ ________________. | change in temperature |
| The heat capacity per gram of material - the amount of thermal energy that must be gained or lost to change the temperature fo 1 g of substance 1 degree C. | Specific Heat Capacity/Specific heat (C sp or C) |
| The unit for specific heat | J/g degree C |
| The specific heat of metals are ____. | low |
| The specific heat of the gase phase is ______ compared to the liquid or solid phase. | high |
| Formula for specific heat capacity/specific heat | Q = mct |
| In the specific heat capacity/specific heat formula Q = | the heat (thermal energy) in joules (J) |
| In the specific heat capacity/specific heat formula m = | the mass of the object, usually in grams (g) |
| In the specific heat capacity/specific heat formula c = | the heat capacity in joules/g degree celsius |
| In the specific heat capacity/specific heat formula t = | change in temperature |
| The amount of thermal enregy exchanged per gram of material during melting or freezing. | Latent heat of fusion |
| Q=(m)(Lf) | Latent heat of fusion formula |
| In the latent heat of fusion formula m = | mass (grams) |
| In the latent heat of fusion formula Lf = | latent heat of fusion |
| The amount of heat it takes to change the liquid to gas. | Latent heat of vaporization |
| Every gram of liquid water requires 2256 J of thermal energy to _________ at the boiling point of 100 degrees celsius. | vaporize |
| The phrase change as a substance changes from a liquid to a solid. | Freezing |
| The phase changes as a substance changes from a solid to a liquid. | Melting |
| The phase change as a substance changes from a gas to a liquid. | Condensation |
| The phase change as a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. | Vaporization |
| The phase change as a substance changes from a solid to a gas without passsing through the intermediate state of a liquid. | Sublimation |
| The phase change as a substance changes from a gas to a solid without passing through the intermediate state of a liquid. | Deposition |
| The temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases exist stimultaneously. | Triple point |
| The temperature above which a substance will always be a gas regardless of the pressure. | Critical point |
| The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. (either a liquid or a solid) | Freezing point |
| The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid. | Boiling point |
| If a point is pass teh critical point on a pressure-temperature phase diagram, then it is a | gas |
Created by:
MaryCox
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