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HIUS 221 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Filibusters | expeditions sought to seize territory in the years afterward largest of these invasions came w/ Gutierrez-Magee Expedition of 18012-3 american volunteers financed by LA invade Texas reinforced by Tejano rebels against spain, force seized San Antonio |
| Filibusters (contd) | Spanish eventually crushed the invasion |
| Stephen F. Austin | son of Moses Asutin (business man of lead mining firm in MO whose mines failed during Panic of 1819 and wanted to start over in Texas) father died shortly after return to US, left project to Stephen who had to renegotiate with Mex. govt |
| Stephen F. Austin (contd) | 1823- led 300 families (The Old 300) to his colony San Felipe de Austin Americans wishing to migrate to Texas were required to become Mex citizens, be Catholic, reject slavery |
| Law of April 6, 1830 | 1828- Mexican govt sent Gen. Manuel de Mier y Teran to inspect Texas (alarming) Law passed to address situation: immigration to Texas was ended, tariffs were enacted on trade, military garrisons were installed to enforce restrictions Texans react angry |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | leader of the opposition to the general then in power engineered his "election" as president and seized power as dictator 1830 law placed Texas under military occupation 1834 Austin traveled to Mexico City to present petition to Anna's govt (prison) |
| Santa Anna (contd) | Texans began preparing to fight by organizing militia |
| Sam Houston | Arrived in Texas in 1833 to revive fortunes, military service in the war of 1812 attracted notice of Andy Jackson political career thrived as Jackson's protege (election as govn of Tenn) served as comm-in-chief of Texan forces |
| The Alamo | After Cos's surrender 100 Texans under Col. James C. Neil remained to shore the Alamo Defenses fort had problems: 90 mils away from Tex settlements in "enemy country", compound was 3 acres & required 500 men for defense, low & thin walls meant to cover |
| Alamo (contd1) | from Comanche raiders not an army w/ artillery Houston ordered James Bowie to evacuate Alamo & blow it up Gov Smith sent Col William Travis to do the same (both arrived within days were impressed & decided to disregard orders & join 150 men there) |
| Alamo (contd2) | Bowie & Travis calls for reinforcement were neglected as Tex leaders continue to argue 2 Mex armies cross Rio Grande to crush revolt (surprise!) Main army under Santa Anna wanted San Antonio Feb 23, 1836 army of 1800 men arrived & began 13-day siege |
| Alamo (contd3) | Santa Anna ordered policy of "no quarter" (all rebels Texan & tejano caught in arms were to be killed) Bowie got typhoid-pneumonia- left Travis in sole command Travis wrote appeal for help- only 32 men from Gonzalez arrive |
| Alamo (contd4) | Mar 6, 1836 4:30am Mex forces begin assault on Alamo (plan to catch texan & tejano defenders while sleeping) gave time to sound alarm & defenders pour fire on attackers Mexs rallied & reach the north wall, storm into compound & kill all 187 defs in 90 m |
| Battle of San Jacinto | Houston led Santa Anna into a trap and Texans wiped out a Mex army of 800 troops and captured Santa Anna (April 21, 1836) |
| Manifest Destiny | belief that it was the nation's God-given right to expand according to its needs (slogan coined by NY newspaperman John L. O'Sullivan |
| Motives of westward expansion (ideology of expansionism) | trade with Asia, spread white Am civilization and Christianity, belief that Anglo-Saxons were destined to dominate indians and hispanics, southern democrats support addition of agrarian territories |
| James K. Polk | Democrat nominee during campaign of 1844- called for westward expansion won by a narrow margin over Henry Clay saw expansion as a means of creating & preserving a more powerful union |
| Oregon Country | UK and US occupied Oregon from 1818 population of Brit, French, Nat Am, & Hawaiian formed mix-raced families "Oregon fever" brought Ams into Willamette Valley (adopted policies that excluded non-white emigrants) became a state in 1859 |
| Oregon Treaty of 1846 | established the border between Canada and the US at the 49th parallel (despite Polk's campaign slogan "fifty four forty of fight" |
| Nueces Strip | When Mexican annexation took place, there was no head of state & not ready for war Mex officials cut diplomatic relations w the US and declared Mexico-Texas border to be the Nueces River (defiance of the Tex-Am claim -Rio Grande mark s. border of Tex) |
| March to Mexican-American War | Nov 1845- Polk sent diplomat John Slidell to Mex City to neg purchase of Nueces Strip for 3.25 mil & Cali and NM for 30 mil (mex govt angrily reject) March 1846-Polk orders Gen Zach Taylor to cross River and seta base on RioGrande across from Matamoros |
| March to Mexican-American War (contd) | April- Mex force crossed Rio Grande & ambushed unit of Amer dragoons killing or capturing entire force of 63 Polk asked Congress to declare war on May 11 (opposed by New England) Congress approved |
| American Support for the War | War fever- many Amers like the idea of marching "to the Halls of Montezuma" supporters believed it would spread rep values of representative govt & free enterprise many souths supported war (most of 50,000 vols were from texas & south) |
| American Support for the War (contd) | US army was small (10,000) & was well-trained and professional |
| Opposition to the War | Northerners and members of the Whig party thought was unjustified abolitionists feared gained territory would be slave states Lincoln wrote "spot resolutions" asking Polk to show where American blood had been shed |
| Mexican Attitudes | wanted war as much as Americans did hoped to regain texas & maybe LA territory in every battle Mex army held numerical superiority troops often poorly led and unequipped |
| Campaigns of the Mexican War | 1. Taylor's army invaded n. mexico, took monterey, & defeated Santa Anna's army at battle of buena vista (outnumbered 3-1) 2. small am force marched on santa fe trail from MO to CA & aided Hisp and Am rebels |
| Campaigns of the Mexican War (contd) | 3. Mexico refused to negotiate, Am army under Gen Winfield Scott landed on Mex coast at Veracruz after routing Santa Anna in 2 more battles, Scott seized Mex City on Sep 14, 1847 |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | 1848-Mex resistance collapsed after Scott took Mex city (no negotiations bec Santa Anna fled country) debate in US for 5 months over how much of Mex to take threat of America taking whole country brought Mex govt to peace table signed on Feb 2, 1848 |
| Conditions of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | south boundary of Texas at the Rio Grande US gained present day CA NV & UT, most of AZ and NM, parts of CO and WY US agreed to pay 15 mil to Mex & pay debts of Mex and US citizens |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion | August 1831- Nat Turner a slave preacher in Southampton County VA led the largest slave revolt in history (57 whites murdered) |
| "Peculiar Institution" of White Southerners | southern states enacted tougher slave codes, salves were prohibited from buying freedom, masters were forbidden to free their slaves, states banned anti-slavery literature (mindset shifted to justifying slavery) |
| Pro-Slavery Apologists | constructed series of arguments to defend peculiar institution 1 of earliest defenders was Sen. John C. Calhoun focused argument on property rights used principles of "state's rights" and "strict constructionism" to defend slavery |
| Pro-Slavery Apologists (contd) | argued against free labor system (resulted in high costs) pointed to Bible's lack of clear against slavery claimed slavery was best way to evangelize blacks |
| Urbanization/Industrialization | combo of industrialization immigration & transportation led to growth of large cities in the north cities had filth poverty overcrowding and crime, no real water or sewage, and housing was inadequate NYC had a slum pop of 500,000 |
| Immigration | 1840s- 1st large scale immigration from Euro to US (economic factors were motivation) US offered land & jobs, low taxes, no conscription for army, no mand church, no press censorship, no secret police majority of immigrants were from Brit isles |
| The Irish | largest group of immigrants, Potato famine made poor- 1 million (1/3 population) died of starvation, stayed in large cities in NE, Catholic, joined Democrats |
| The Germans | settled in Midwest, area between Cincinatti St. Louis and Milwaukee known as the "German Triangle" most were farmers |
| Ideology of "Free Labor" | Northerners were to prosper through own labor (farms shops factories) laborer who worked diligently & saved could purchase own farm, shop factory & hire own free workers meant to create ntnl wealth & social mobility |
| Wilmot Proviso | prohibited slavery in any territories conquered from Mexico, rejected by Senate became position adopted by anti-slavery northerners in battle over Mexican cession territories (prevent it from spreading) |
| California Gold Rush | discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in Jan 1848 enough people came by 1850 that CA could apply for statehood (free state) Taylor supported CA admission & proposed NM & UT skip territory stage & enter as states created debate |
| Compromise of 1850 | to resolve debate over CA admission to union Clay proposed Omnibus Bill- CA admitted free, UT & NM would use pop sovereignty, TX give up Republic land claim for 10 mil, slave trade in DC abolished, new Fugitive Slave Law to override state laws in N |
| Compromise of 1850 (contd1) | new Fugitive Slave Law to override state laws in N protecting runaways debate over proposal was bad, southerners were angry over admits of Mex Cess territories as free states, northerners were angry over fugitive slave act |
| Compromise of 1850 (contd2) | Stephen A. Douglas became champion of Clay's proposal, new president Millard Fillmore made backroom deals that got the bill passed (compromise would backfire) all of Clay's claims established |
| Fugitive Slave Act | most controversial part of compromise of 1850 runaways had no right to jury trial, special commissions adjudicated cases of accused runaways, commissioners get $5 for accused runaway freed, $10 for individual sent to slavery |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, created stereotypes of slaves and masters, demonstrated how slavery brutalized both races, sold 1 mil in first year, southerners wanted banned, rallied northern opinion against south and slavery |
| Stephen A. Douglas | wanted eastern branch of railroad to pass thru chicago, proposed KS-NB act dividing region into 2 (KS south of 40th pl & NB north of 40th), slavery decided by pop sov (abolished MO compromise) |
| Republican Party | KA-NB Act brought creation of new party 1854- "Conscience" Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats and abolitionists met in Ripon, WI to form Republican party leaders- William H. Seward of NY and Salmon P. Chase of OH |
| "Bleeding Kansas" | KS theater of conflict between anti-slavery & pro-slavery objective to establish voting majority to ratify a constitution clash became violent pro-slavery groups known as "border ruffians" from MO fought w northern abolitionists |
| "Bleeding Kansas" (contd1) | 1 of more horrific episodes was sack of anti-slavery town of Lawrence on May 21, 1856 by ruffians (resulted in the burning of the city) abolitionist John Brown & 6 men retaliated at pro-slavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek |
| "Bleeding Kansas" (contd3) | John Brown believed God had called him as His instrument against slave holders and dragged five pro-slavery men out of their homes and butchered them with broadswords |
| Dred Scott Case | Scott was a MO slave whose master US Army Dr. John Emerson had taken him to army posts in free territory Emerson died leaving Scott to his married daughter Scott sued in MO for his freedom (is Scott citizen or property?) |
| Dred Scott Case (contd) | Scott vs. Sanford- Chief Justice Roger B. Taney issued 2 point ruling: Scott was a slave (no right to judicial process), MO Compromise declared unconstitutional (Congress could not exclude slavery in territories) northerners outraged |
| John Brown | came from family of mental problems, failed at 20 businesses, claimed to receive revelation from God to be instrument against slavery, first act was Pottawatomie Creek massacre |
| Harper's Ferry Raid | Brown's plan was to seize the fed arsenal at Harper's Ferry in nova raise the local slaves in revolt & begin a race war thru out the south oct 16, 1859 brown & 13 white & 5 blacks attacked (seized arsenal & citizens trapped them in an engine house) |
| Harper's Ferry Raid (contd) | marines commanded by army col. robert e. lee killed 10 of brown's followers & arrested brown (tried & found guilty) executed, southerners begin considering secession |
| Abraham Lincoln | Republicans nominate anti-slavery Lincoln (born in KY father was illiterate mother died @ 9) self made lawyer in IL, served in state leg. & was elected to HOR, opposed Mexican War & support secession from union (lost seat in congress) |
| Abraham Lincoln (contd1) | reentered politics at passage of KS-NB act, hated slavery but took position of confining it to the south, ran against Douglas for Senate in 1858, Lincoln & Douglas have many debates, Douglas wins election |
| Abraham Lincoln (contd2) | "house divided" speech from debates became rallying call for northerners, beat Seward & Chase at Republican convention 1860 complex man of many contradictions |
| 1860 Election | Democratic Party split Southern Democrats nominate VP John C. Breckenridge Northern Democrats nominate Stephen A. Douglas Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln landslide in North gave Lincoln the presidency |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy, planter and senator from Mississippi, educated at West Point and served in the army, commanded a regiment in Mexican war, served as Secretary of War under Prez Pierce, elected president due to stance as moderate on secession |
| Fort Sumter | located on a man made island in Charleston harbor, confederates were determined to eject garrison of 127 federal troops commanded by Major Robert Anderson, Lincoln & Davis moved hesitantly about the fort, Lincoln ordered a ship to carry food & med to fort |
| Fort Sumter (contd) | Lincoln informed govt of SC by telegraph 4:30 am on April 12, 1861 Confederate forces opened fired on the fort by Davis's orders after a token resistance for 30 hours, Anderson surrendered Ft. Sumter |
| First Battle of Bull Run | Gen Irvin McDowell led Union Army of 28,000 men into NOVA to attack Confed army commanded by Gen Pierre Beauregard July 21, 1861 McDowell's forces attack- battle went well for the north initially as confeds begin retreating |
| First Battle of Bull Run (contd1) | Confed reinforcements arrive by train (surprise!) Virginia troops commanded by Gen Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson made a stand confeds rallied & counter attacked to drive panicke union forces off field McDowell's army fled to DC |
| First Battle of Bull Run (contd2) | both sides shocked by casualties north and south alike realized the conflict would be long |
| Battle of Shiloh | Before Grant could push into MI, Confed army under Gen Albert S. Johnston launched surprise attack on unprepared army Grant rallied army and won the battle but both sides lost many troops |
| Robert E. Lee | President Davis' military advisor & the only high-ranking officer took commands of The Seven Days' Battles bold commander & unafraid to take risks every victory he won made headlines |
| Battle of Antietam | Lee led 50,000 troops in Maryland (copy of Lee's plans fell with McClellan) McClellan launched series of poorly coordinated attacks Lee's army was battered but held its ground SINGLE BLOODIEST DAY IN AMERICAN HISTORY 12,401 casualties out of 125000total |
| Battle of Antietam (contd) | After holding position for a day, Lee escaped to VA, McClellan delayed chasing him proved as one of the war's crucial turning points!!!!!! |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Frederick Douglass & abolitionists pressed for emancipation of slaves to be objective of war Lincoln read proclamation on July 22, 1862 "all slaves in states & areas in rebellion against the US to be free" issued on Sep 22 & went into effect Jan 1 1863 |
| Emancipation Proclamation (contd) | only applied to states that had seceded from the union, exempted parts of the confederacy under northern control, did not free any slaves only made emancipation a war aim, provided for the acceptance of black men into the union army or navy |
| Horace Greeley | New York Tribune was a prominent voice for emancipation |
| Battle of Gettysburg | July 1-3, 1863- began as a skirmish when a con fed infantry unit ran into a union cavalry unit, turned into major battle, at end of first day rebels had driven the union troops onto string of hills (long defense), |
| Battle of Gettysburg (contd1) | Lee spent second day of battle launching attacks, fed troops held their ground, Lee ordered an attempt to break thru center of union lines on third day known as "picket's charge" for division commander whose unit provided most of the 15000 troops involved |
| Battle of Gettysburg (contd2) | the next day Lee's army went back to VA. Gettysburg was first of 3 major defeats the Confed suffered in 63. Lee's army had cray casualties & could not mount another major invasion, Gettysburg was the Union Army of the Potomac's 1st victory over Lee |
| Battle of Gettysburg (contd3) | triumph was very costly, union army was too battered to mount a pursuit of Lee after the battle, Lincoln was furious with Meade and wanted to fire him GETTYSBURG WAS THE BLOODIEST BATTLE EVER FOUGHT ON CONTINENT |
| Siege of Vicksburg | the day after gettysburg, south suffered its 2nd defeat in 63, vicksburg & 30,000 con fed troops surrendered to Grant after a 3 month siege confederacy was now cut in two |
| Conscription Act of 1863 | by mid-63 volunteer union army had dropped, lincoln admin resorted to the draft (confed had gone to conscription), terms: obligation of males 20-45, war dept had jurisdiction over all union states, men enlisted for 3 years or until end of war |
| Terms of Conscription Act of 1863 | Commutation fees or substitutes were accepted exemptions were granted |
| New York Draft Riots | July 11, 63- first conscription lottery was held July 13- 5 days of mayhem & bloodshed would be known as Civil War Draft Riots began 50,000 rioters |
| The Gettysburg Address | Nov- cemetery was dedicated at Gettysburg Lincoln used the occasion to make his most famous speech (to rally northern opinion) dedicated the conflict to ensure that the govt won't fall |
| Ulysses S. Grant | commanding girl of all Union armies, take personal command in the VA theater to break Lee's army, subordinate- WIlliam Tecumseh Sherman placed in command of Union armies, mission to destroy confed army in GA & capture ATL |
| Ulysses S. Grant (contd) | Grant & Sherman launch simultaneous blows & send troops to burn crops, tear up railroads, & wreck industrial plant raiding strategy would destroy resources and undermine southern morale |
| William T. Sherman | Grant's principal subordinate placed in command of the Union armies in the western theater |
| Election of 1864 | victories won by Farragut Sherman & Sheridan raised confidence of N. voters, Rep party packaged self as "union party" to appeal to pro-union dems, lincoln's running mate was sen andrew johnson of tenn, lincoln won reelection, south's last chance vict died |
| March to the Sea | Sherman's 60,000 set out for Savannah on Nov 15, 1864 reaching city on Dec 13 federals cut a swath thru GA destroying food & resrouces Hood's confeds invaded TN to try to draw off Sherman's force fresh Union army destroyed Hood's army |
| March to the Sea (contd) | After taking Savannah, Sherman moved north into SC which was devastated |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Grant & Sheridan trapped Lee at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 & then surrendered to Grant ENDED THE CIVIL WAR week later the other main confed army in NC surrendered to Sherman Jeff Davis was captured in GA by union cavalry 620,000 men died |
| Reconstruction | process of reunifying the country after the civil war- a difficult and controversial process in which issues would remain unsolved 3 main questions: what to do w freed slaves? what to do w rebels? which branch of govt should be responsible for recon? |
| 13th Amendment | passed in early 1865- ended slavery throughout the country, 4 mil african-americans were free but faced problems: illiterate, owned nothing legally, little means of establishing selfs |
| 13th Amendment (contd) | Lincoln considered granting black bets & literate former slaves right to vote, primary concern was to ensure Southerners did not reestablish a mutated form of slavery |
| Radical Republicans | led by Sen Benjamin Wade and Rep Thaddeus Stevens, viewed southerners as traitors who forfeited their rights & wanted to punish, sought to guarantee civil rights for newly freed slaves, political goal of destroying democrat party |
| Radical Republicans (contd1) | countered lincoln's "10% plan" with the Wade-Davis Bill: required 50% of voters in seceded state sign loyalty oats before readmission, office-holder in new state govt could not have borne arms against union |
| Radical Republicans (contd2) | permanent disenfranchisement of confed military and political leaders Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" the bill |
| Lincoln Assassination | President murdered at Ford's theater on April 14, 1865 by actor and fanatical southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth (shot several days later) 4 of alleged conspirators arrested and hung any hope of mercy & benevolence toward south vanished |
| Compromise of 1877 | Radical Republicans had taken over reconstruction & put the south under military occupation & disenfranchised souther whties northern public supper for recon eroded under scandal presidency of Grant recon ended w compromise over election of 1876 |
| Compromise of 1877 (contd) | Republican Rutherford B. Hayes assumed the presidency in exchange for ending military occupation of south Hayes insisted on commitment to black civil rights, trapped in Jim Crow system for 9 decades, nation would consolidate control over the west |
Created by:
oliviawaggoner