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Ch 7-9 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| weathering | surface processes work to break down rock |
| Mechanical Weathering | occurs when rocks are broken apart by physical processes |
| Ice Wedging | occurs in temperate and cold climates where water enters the cracks in rocks and freezes |
| Chemical Weathering | occurs when chemical reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals |
| Oxidation | occurs when some materials are exposed to oxygen and water |
| Climate | the pattern of weather that occurs in a particular area over many years |
| Soil | moisture of weathered rocks, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air |
| Humus | dark-colored, decayed, organic matter that serves as a source of nutrients foe plants |
| horizon | different layers of soil |
| Soil Profile | all the horizons of a soil |
| Litter | leaves, twigs, and other organic material that eventually can be changed to humus by decomposers |
| Leaching | the removal of minerals that have been dissolved in water |
| No-Till Farming | farmers leave plant stalks in the field over the winter months and plant seed crops without destroying the stalks or plowing the soil |
| Contour Farming | on gentle slopes, planting along the natural contours of the land |
| Terracing | method in which steep-sided, level topped areas are built onto the sides of steep hills and mountains so that crops can be grown |
| Erosion | process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another |
| Deposition | when agents of erosion drop the sediments they are carrying as they lose energy. When sediments are eroded, they are not lost- they are just relocated |
| Mass Movement | any type of erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a slope |
| Slump | when a mass of materials slips down along a curved surface |
| Creep | occurs when sediments slowly shift their positions downhill |
| Glacier | a large mass of ice and snow moving on land under it’s own weight |
| Plucking | process that adds gravel, sand, and boulders to a glacier’s bottom and sides as water freezes and thaws, breaking off pieces of surrounding rock |
| till | jumble of boulders, sand, clay, and silt left behind after a glacier retreats |
| Moraine | large ridge of rocks and soil deposited by a glacier when it stops moving forward |
| Outwash | materials deposited by the meltwater from a glacier, most often at the end of the glacier |
| Deflation | when wind blow across loose sediment, removing the small particles such as silt and sand |
| Abrasion | when windblown sediment strikes rock, the surface of the rock gets scraped and worn away |
| Loess | wind deposits of very fine-grained sediments |
| Dune | a mound of sediments drifted by the wind |
| Runoff | water that doesn’t soak into the ground or evaporate but instead flows across the Earth’s surface |
| Channel | groove created by water moving down the same path |
| Sheet Erosion | when water that is flowing as sheets picks up and carries away sediments |
| Drainage Basin | the area of land from which a stream or river collects runoff |
| Meander | broad bend in a river or stream |
| Groundwater | water that soaks into the ground collects in pores and empty spaces |
| Permeable | having pore spaces that allow water to pass through |
| Impermeable | water cannot pass through |
| Aquifer | layer of permeable rock that lets water move freely |
| Water Table | the upper surface of the zone of saturation |
| Spring | place where the water table is so close to Earth’s surface that water freely flows out |
| Geyser | hot spring that erupts periodically, shooting water and steam into the air |
| Cave | natural opening in rock created by chemical weathering of limestone |
| Longshore Current | created by waves colliding with the shore at slight angle |
| Beach | deposits of sediments that are parallel to the shore |
Created by:
Overlord Moonen
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