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CHAPTER 6
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sormunen and Moiso (2009) | Our bodies are marvelously intricate, decliate, and unique. Each part of the body has a purpose and function that fits into the total. Cells, tissues, organs, and systems are all part of the human anatomy. |
| Cells | smallest living structure in the body; epithelial cell, nerve cell, muscle cell perform specialization functions, support (bone cells), communication (nerve cells), movement (muscle cell), oxygen transportation (red blood cells), & protection (skin cell |
| Tissues | cells with similar function grouped together; epithelial tissue, mervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue |
| Organs | two or more types of tissues combined to work together ex:kidneys, lungs, heart, stomach, brain and liver) |
| Body(organ)systems: | 2 or more organs comvined to provide a major body function ex:respiratory, nervous, digestive and urinary systems) |
| Cell membrane | is the outer covering; it controls which substances enters and leaves the cell |
| cytoplasm (protoplasm) | gel-like liquid inside the cell that consists of water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and salts |
| Organelles | structure that have specialized functions |
| Nucleus | controls the activity of the cell, reproduction; contains the 23 (normally) chromosomes that contain the genes that transmit hereditary characteristics |
| Mitochondrion | produces energy used for cellular processes called the "POWERHOUSE" |
| Lysosome | Contain various enzymes that help to digest (break down) molecules |
| Ribosomes | produce protein for the cell structures |
| Golgi apparatus | produces, stores, and packages products for discharge from the cell (transports proteins made by the ribosomes) |
| Centrioles | play a role in the division of the cell (reproduction) |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | network of tubular structures to facilitate transport of materials in and out of the nucleus |
| Vacuole | storage unit |
| Four Types of Tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
| Epithelial | covers the internal and external organs of the body;lines body cavities, vessels, glands and body organs |
| Connective | holds parts of the body in place can be liquid (blood), fibrous (tendons and ligaments), solid (bone), fatty (protective padding) or cartilage (rings of the trachea) |
| Nervous | transmits impulses throughout the body to activate, coordinate, and control many functions |
| Muscular | contracts and relaxes to cause or allow movement; the 3 types are:skeletal, smooth (visceral), and cardiac |
| Skeletal | attached to bone and cause movement of the skeleton |
| Smooth (viisceral) | found in the walls of the hollow internal organs of the body (ex:stomach and intestines), blood vessels, and lung airways |
| Cardiac | makes up the muscular wall of the heart |
| Anatomical position | describes the body as full view in an upright position (standing), with the arms relaxed at the side of the body, palms facing forward, feet pointed forward, and eyes directed straight ahead |
| Body Planes | an imaginary flat surface that cuts through the body either horizontally or vertically |
| Midsagittal (median or midline) | Passes from top to bottom through the center of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides |
| Frontal plane (Coronal) | Divides the body from top to bottom through the center and divides the body into front and back portions |
| Transverse Plan | divides the body horizontally (crosswise) into the top and bottom portions |
| The Body Cavities | interior spaces called cavities that contain and protect the internal organs. |
| Posterior (dorsal) body | protects the structures of the nervous system and has 2 parts (although the space is continuously) |
| Cranial cavity | located in the skull and contains the brain |
| Spinal cavity | located withing the spinal column and contains the spinal cord |
| Anterior (ventral) body cavity | protects internal organs and has 3 parts:Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity |
| Thoracic cavity | located in the chest and contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels; the diaphragm separates this cavity |
| Abdominal cavity | Located in the abdomen and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, fallbladder, pancreas, and spleen (the kidneys are located behind the abdominal cavity); the abdominal and pelvic are continuous |
| Pelvic cavity | Located in the lower abdomen and contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs |
| Smaller cavities | eyes, and associated muscles, nerves, and ducts; the nasal which contains structures of the nose, and the buccal-teeth and tongue |
| Abdominal Descriptions | divided into 9 regions:epigastric, right/left hypochondriac regions, umbilical, right/left lunbar regions, hypogastric, right/left iliac (hip bone) regions. |
| Epigasatric (over the stomach) | located just below the sternum (breastbone) |
| Right and left hypochondriac regions | located below the ribs on either side of the epigastric region |
| Umbilical | located around the umbilicus (navel) |
| Right and left lumbar regions | extend anterior to posterior on either side of the umbilical region (a person will complain of lumbar or back pain) |
| Hypogastric (below the stomach) | located over the pubic area |
| Right and left iliac (hip bone) regions | located on either side of the hypogastric region (also called right and left inguinal areas) |
| Right upper quadrant (RUQ) | Liver and gallbladder |
| Right lower quadrant (RLQ) | Appendix and some of the female reproductive |
| Left upper quadrant (LUQ) | pancreas, stomach, and spleen |
| Left lower quadrant (LLQ) | some of the female reproductive organs |
| lateral | away from the body ex: the __________ ligament of the knee is located on the outer side of the knee |
| Medial | towards the middle or center of the body ex: the naval is on the _________ line |
| Anterior (ventral) | The breasts are on the ____________ surface of the body |
| Posterior (dorsal) | toward the back of the body ex the buttocks are on the ________ surface of the body |
| Inferior | below ex the lungs are _____________ to the head |
| Superior | above ex the nose is __________ to the mouth |
| Caudal (cranial) | closer to the head ex the neck is __________ to the shoulders |
| Deep | farther from the body surface ex the accident victim had a deep laceration (wound or irregular tear) that exposed the muscle. |
| Superficial | near or close to the body's surface ex there were only _________ scrapes on the skin |
| Distal | farther from reference base point ex the hand is ____ to the elbow |
| Peripheral | away from the center ex the patient had _____ edema (excess fluid in the extremities-arms/legs) |
| Proximal | closer to reference point ex |
| Apex | at the top (highest point) ex top of the lung is called the ____ |
| base | at the bottom (lowest point) ex the _______ of the lung is called the base |
| Atoms or Ions | hold carbon hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| Molecules | sugars, proteins, and water |
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