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Chapter 8 vocab
federal courts + judicial branch
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| magistrate judges | district court officials responsible for overseeing some of the early hearings of a criminal trial at which routine matters are carried out, and who may also hear misdemeanor criminal cases and certain civil cases |
| misdemeanor | minor crime |
| public defenders | lawyers appointed by the court to represent in criminal trials defendants who can’t afford to hire legal counsel |
| marshals | law enforcement officers who provide security and police protection at federal courthouses, transport prisoners, help track down and arrest people accused of crimes, and provide protection to witnesses in federal cases |
| appellant | person who files an appeal |
| briefs | written arguments filed by the parties in an appeal |
| sovereign immunity | principle that a sovereign government can’t be taken to court unless it agrees to be sued |
| courts-martial | hearings held for the trial of military personnel accused of violating military law |
| jurisdiction | courts authority to hear and decide a case |
| exclusive jurisdiction | sole right to hear and decide certain type of case, depending either on subject matter of case or parties involved |
| concurrent jurisdiction | cases that fall under jurisdiction of both state and federal courts |
| plaintiff | person making legal complaint |
| defendant | person against whom a complaint is filed |
| original jurisdiction | authority of court to be first court to hold trials in certain kinds of cases |
| appellate jurisdiction | authority of some courts to review decisions made by lower courts |
| judicial restraint | concept that judge should interpret Constitution according to the Framers' original intentions |
| judicial activism | concept that the Constitution should be interpreted more broadly something that subsequent generations can interpret consistent with charging values and circumstances |
| precedent | earlier court decision that guides judges' decisions in later cases |
| senatorial courtesy | tradition that Senator from same state as nominee to federal district court and same political party as the president can block nomination for virtually any reason |
| grand juries | panels of citizens set up to hear evidence of possible crime and to recommend whether evidence is sufficient to file criminal charges; 12 jurors |
| bench trial | trial without a jury |
| petite jury | trial jury; 6 to 12 people |
| capital crime | crime in which the criminal faces either the death penalty or life in prison without parole |
| felony | serious crime |
| indictment | paper handed down by the jury charging someone with a capital crime |
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