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GMS802
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adam Smith | Self>others>Human Interest |
| Kohlberg Stage 1 (Punishment & Obedience) | Children are obedient because they are afraid of eing punished or want to be rewarded. |
| Kohlberg Stage 2 (Individual Instrumental Purpose and Exchange) | A person determines what is right by the action that gets his/her needs met. |
| Kohlberg Stage 3 (Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, & Conformity) | "Good" behaviour is defined as living up to the expectations of others. |
| Kohlberg Stage 4 (Law and Order Orientation) | People determine what is right by considering their duty to society at large |
| Kohlberg Stage 5 (Universal Ethical Principles) | Upholding the basic rights, values, and legal contracts of scoety |
| Kohlberg Stage 6 (Prior Rights, Social Contact, or Utility) | Right actions are determined by universal ethical principles i.e justice, societal welfare, equality, respect for human dignity |
| Stanley Milgram | Conducted social psychology experiments to see how far research subjects would go in following orders from authority figures. People make choices they would normally consider wrong if. they order came from an authority, not held responsible, tunnelvision |
| The "Teacher" | the real subject who administers electric shocks |
| The "Learner" | an actor who pretends to be in pain from receiving the elctric shocks |
| The scientist conducting the experiment | the authority figure |
| Rationalization | People convince themselves that actions they otherwise know are wrong are actually acceptable. " just following orders" |
| External Pressure | A stressful environment can lead us to choose the wrong path. |
| Communication Breakdown | An effective way to avoid ethical problems is to foster an environment where people can openly discuss their problems and concerns in the workplace. |
| Intoduce Ongoing Ethics Education (Effective Methods To Avoid Ethical Lapses) | raises the level of moral awareness and gives tools for dealing with ethical issues |
| Do a Policies and Procedures Audit | review your P&P to anticipate ways people might make bad choices |
| Stick to the Fundamentals | market transactions presuppose fundamental moral standards. Healthy markets assume parties are generally trustworthy, dependable, and fair. |
| Cultivate Moral Imagination | think of creative ways to resolve moral problems that do not require moral compromise. |
| Use Guides to Avoid Rationalization | the publicity, reversibility, generalizability test. |
| Lead By Example | the power of authority can be used to promote eveil or to help people make better moral decisions. |
| Make Ethics Part of the Dialogue | Ethics must be integrated into how the business is run and how decisions are made |
| Emphasize Responsibility and Accountability | give employees a sense of obligation- a duty- to take responsibility for their actions |
| Froster Communication and Push Back | people need to feel they can raise concerns, admit errrors, talj about ethics, and "push back" against management with contraty views without fear of punishment |
| Make Sure People Know- Ethics Is Everybody's Business | reject the assumption that managers are uncomfortable talking about ethics. Ethics must be part of the day-to-day activities of mangers and employees. |
Created by:
rafi.sultani
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