Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Z - Micro 02

Micro 02

QuestionAnswer
Bacteria are diploid or haploid? Haploid
Bacteria have nuclear membrane? No
What is bacterial genetic transformation? Naked DNA released during cell lysis --> bind to cell wall of competent bacteria (has structures on cell wall that can bind and take up the fragments) of the same species or closely related --> DNA incorporated into the genome (must have enough homology)
How can genetic transformation be used for genetic mapping? The frequency of two traits being passed on together depends on the distance apart on the genome. The closer they are, the more likely they will be passed on together.
what is a bacteriophage? Virus that infects bacteria
Virulent phage vs. temperate phage virulent lyses and kills bacteria (generalized transduction); temperate incorporates the DNA into its own genome (specialized transduction)
What is prophage? "temperate" piece of viral DNA that infects bacteria and is incorporated into the bacterial genome
Transformation - how much homology required? Need to be of the same species because the DNA fragments taken in need to be incorporated into the recipient's genome.
Generalized transduction - how much homology required? virulent phage injected --> destroys bacterial genome (some pieces of bacterial genome left) --> bacterial genome packaged into capsid --> injected into another bacteria --> if there is HOMOLOGY, then bact chrom is incorporated into new bacteria.
Conjugation - how much homology required? Can occur between unrelated bacteria (sex pili required)
Transposons - how much homology required? No DNA homology required; this genetic material can move between different bacterial genera
Lysogenic immunity prophage (temperate phage that is incorporated into bacterial genome) blocks a subsequent infection by a different phage
Lysogenic conversion when gene is transferred from one bacteria to another by specialized transduction and incorporated into genome of new bacteria
What is the major mechanism for transfer of antibiotic resistance? Conjugation because can occur between unrelated bacteria
What do F plasmids look like? circular, double stranded
What is an Hfr cell? bacterial cell that just received an F plasmid incorporates that F plasmid into its own genome
What is an F' plasmid? F plasmid from an Hfr cell that gets excised, but now with a part of that bacteria's chromosome as well -- so now have DNA from two different bacteria
You have gram positive cocci -- if you see bubbles on a catalase test (slide with H2O2), what do you have? Staph
On a blood agar plate testing for hemolysis, if you see a clear zone around a plated colony, what do you know? B hemolytic (lyse all the RBC's around the colony with Streptolysins O and S); could be strep pyogenes or GBS)
On a blood agar plate testing for hemolysis, if you see a green zone around a plated colony, what do you know? a hemolytic (only partially lyse the RBC's so the green is a Hb metabolite that's released into the area)
What are the encapsulated bacteria? Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules. Strep pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria meningitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans
M protein on Strep pyogenes. Protein that blocks Macrophage action -- inhibits activation of complement and protects from phagocytosis. Weakness because B cells create abs to the M protein.
Streptolysin O Enzyme that is responsible for B hemolysis. Is inactivated by O2. ASO titer measures anti-streptolysin O antibodies to confirm recent infection.
Impetigo a vesicular blistered eruption, most common in children that becomes crusty and flaky, found around the mouth. Caused by strep pyogenes.
What is the treatment for infection by strep pyogenes? Penicillin G
What does clindamycin do for infection by strep pyogenes? shuts down streptococcal metabolism and blocks toxin production
Baby BEL neonatal meningitis: GBS, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes
Endocarditis - subactue and acute Subacute: Strep viridans. Acute: Staph aureus
Which Strep most likely to cause abscess in brain or abdominal organs? Strep viridans - intermedius.
Which Strep most likely to cause colon cancer? Strep bovis
What is resistance mechanism for Strep group D against Vancomycin? Change d-ala-d-ala to d-ala-lactate!
Strep in UTI's and biliary tract infections Enterococcus faecalis
Lancet shaped dipplococci Strep pneumoniae
What is the major virulence factor of pneumococcus? polysaccharide capsule
What are the two main lab tests used to ID pneumococcus? Quellung (abs bind to capsular antigens --> capsule swells); optochin (S. pneum growth will be inhibited, while S. viridans will continue to grow)
Most common cause of pneumonia in adults Strep pneumoniae (typicl community acquired pneumonia)
Most common cause of otitis media in children Strep pneumoniae
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults Strep pneumoniae
Most common cause of septic arthritis in children and elderly (over 50) Staph aureus (infection of synovial membrane in joints - synovial fluid will reveal infective organisms)
What two organisms most likely are the cause of skin infections? Strep pyogenes and staph aureus
What is treatment for infection with MRSA (methicillin-resistant staph aureus) Methicillin is penicillinase-resistant drug. Can use vancomycin.
Infection from foley catheters or IV lines Staph epi
Infection of prosthetic devices Staph epi
Gold on sheep blood agar Staph aureus
Can you use Penicillin G for staph infections? No because staph makes penicillinase, which inactivates penicillin G.
What is coagulase and what does it do? In staph aureus. activates prothrombin --> causes blood to clot around the org --> protects against phagocytosis
Protein A In Staph aureus. Binds the Fc portion of IgG --> prevent opsonization
Food poisoning by Staph aureus lasts how long? Grows in food --> that food is ingested --> 12 to 24 hrs.
Infection of umbilicus in neonate Staph aureus, scalded skin syndrome
UTI's in sexually active young woman Staph saprophyticus
Created by: christinapham
Popular USMLE sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards