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AP Gov Court Cases
30 Landmark Supreme Court Cases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison 1803 | Established the principle of judicial review. Strengthened the power of the judicial branch by giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 | Confirmed the right to Congress to utilize implied powers to carry out its expressed power. Validated the supremacy of the national government over the states. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 | Strengthened the federal government to regulate interstate commerce. Established the commerce clause's role as a key vehicle for the expansion of federal power. |
| Engel v. Vitale 1962 | Struck down state-sponsored prayer in public school. Ruled that the Regent's prayer was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause. |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman 1971 | Struck down state funding for private religious schools. Ruled that state aid to churches must meet three tests-clearly secular, neither prohibit nor advance religion, must not foster "excessive entanglement". |
| Reynolds v. United States 1879 | Banned polygamy Distinguished between religious beliefs that are protected by the Free Exercise Clause and practices that may be restricted. Religious practices cannot make an act legal that would otherwise be illegal. |
| Oregon v. Smith 1990 | Banned the use of illegal drugs in religious ceremony. Ruled that the government can act when religious practices violate criminal laws. |
| Schenck v. United States 1919 | Ruled that free speech could be limited when it presents a clear and present danger. Established the "clear and present danger test" to define conditions under which public authorities can limit free speech. |
| New York Times v. Sullivan 1964 | Ruled that public officials cannot win a suit for defamation unless the statement is made with actual malice. Established the actual malice standard to promote uninhibited, robust, and wide open public debate. |
| Roth v. United States 1951 | Ruled that obscenity is not constitutionally protected free speech. |
| Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District 1969 | Protected some forms of symbolic speech. Ruled that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." |
| Texas v. Johnson 1989 | Ruled that flag burning is a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment |
| Barron v. Baltimore 1833 | Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states. |
| Gitlow v. New York 1925 | Established precedent for the doctrine of selective incorporation, thus extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states. |
| Weeks v. United States 1914 | Established the exculsionary rule in federal cases. Prohibited evidence obtained by illegal searches and seizures from being admitted in court. |
| Mapp v. Ohio 1961 | Extended the exclusionary rule to the states. Illustrated the process of selective incorporation through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 | Ruled that the Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of crimes under state laws. Illustrates the process of incorporation by which |
| Miranda v. Arizona 1966 | Ruled that the police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest. Required police to read the Miranda rules to criminal suspect. |
| Dred Scott v. Stanford 1857 | Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not petition the Supreme Court. Overturned by the Fourteenth Amendment. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 | Upheld Jim Crow segregation by approving "seperate but equal" public facilities for African Americans. |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 | Ruled that racially segregated schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Reversed the principle of "seperate but equal" established in Plessy v. Ferguson. |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978 | Ordered the medical school at the University of California at Davis to admit Bakke. Ruled that the medical's school strict quota system denied Bakke the equal protection guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. Ruled race could be used as one factor. |
| Grutter v. Bollinger 2003 | Upheld the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School. Upheld the Bakke ruling that race could be considered, but quotas could not. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 | Ruled that a connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. Established precedent for Roe v. Wade. |
| Baker v. Carr 1962 | Ruled that the judicial branch of government can rule on matters of legislative apportionment. Used the "one person, one vote" Ordered state legislative districts be as equal as possible. |
| Wesbury v. Sanders 1963 | Established the principle "one person one vote" in drawing congressional districts. Triggered widespread redistricting that gave cities and suburbs greater representation in Congress. |
| Korematsu v. United States 1944 | Upheld the constitutionality of the relocation of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity. Viewed by contemporary scholars as a flagrant violation of civil liberities. |
| United States v. Nixon 1974 | Ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege. |
| Buckley v. Valeo 1976 | Upheld federal limits on campaign contributions. Struck down the portion of the Federal Election Campaign Act limiting the amount of money individuals can contribute to their own campaign. Spending money on own campaign constitutionally protected |
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