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Cancer
Advanced Patho EXAM 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Define cancer | a disorder of cell proliferation and differentiation |
True or false, the most common cancer is skin. | True |
What is the leading cancer in both men and women? | lung cancer |
Describe benign cancer | slow growth rate, don't metastasize, well-differentiated (resemble tissue of origin), rarely grow back |
Describe malignant cancer | rapid growth, frequent metastasize, poor prognosis, common reoccurrence |
Lack of differentiation is called ______ | anaplasia |
What does normal tissue renewal and repair involve? | proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis |
Why are proto-oncogenes good? | they control cell growth and replication |
Why are onocogenes bad? | capable of converting normal cells into cancer cells |
What is RAS? | Ras is a family of genes that are involved in cellular signal transduction |
What is the most common tumor suppressor gene? | TP53 |
Why is the TP53 gene important when dealing with CA? | if defective, damaged/unstable cells are allowed to survive and replicate |
What kind of gene is the retinoblastoma gene? | (Rb) tumor suppresor gene |
Why is the Rb gene important when dealing with CA? | if defective, it may accelerate the cell cycle. |
How is bone marrow affected in leukemia? | characterized by an overproduction of blasts in the bone marrow |
What are the s/s of leukemia? | Fever, wt loss, night sweats, itching , fatigue, bone pain, abdominal fullness, bleeding episodes, bruising, petechiae, frequent infections, HA, N/V, enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes, hyperplasia of gums |
What are the lab findings of leukemia? | Anemia thrombocytopenia leucopenia blasts on peripheral blood smear increased uric acid hypercalcemia |
Leukemia is classified according to predominant cell type, what are they (2)? | lymphocytic and myelocytic |
What does ALL stand for and who does it predominantly affect? | acute lymphocytic leukemia; affects children |
True of False, AML and CML affects children? | false, it primarily affects adults |
How are lymphocytic leukemias diagnosed? | bone marrow biopsy and blood studies |
Describe Hodgkins lymphoma? | often localized contiguous spread B symptoms common |
Which is harder to treat, Hodgkins or non-hodgkins and why? | Non-hodgkins because it has a non-contiguous spread, involves bone marrow and is rarely localized |
Malignancy of mature ATB secreting B lymphocytes is known as what? | multiple myeloma |
Multiple myeloma affects men or women more frequently? | men |
Risk factors for cancer. | tobacco, certain nutritional contributors, air pollution, occupational exposures, and UV |
What does non-hodgkin's disease affect? | B cell, T cell, and NK cell lymphoma. |
Why is there hypercalcemia in Multiple Myeloma? | Bone destruction releases Ca+ into the bloodstream |
How do Tumor Suppressor Genes influence CA production? | fluctuations are varied, but all appear to inhibit proliferation or induce apoptosis in defective cells. |
What is a diagnostic feature of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? | unique chromosome abnormality; Philadelphia chromosome- translocation between 9 & 22 |
What, in regards to nutrition, is a CA risk factor? | high fat, fiber, ETOH, food additives, antioxidants (not sure whether harm or help) |
What is paraneoplastic syndrome? | complexes that cannot be explained by obvious tumor properties, many assoc w/ excess production of hormones or cytokines by the tumor |
What are some examples of paraneoplastic syndrome? | cushing syndrome, SIADH, hypercalcemia |
What three retroviruses can lead to cancer? | HIV, EBV, and HPV |
What cancer does HIV cause? | karposi sarcoma |
What virus causes Burkett's lymphoma and B Cell Lymphomas? | Epstein barr virus (EBV) |
What happens in PEM-protein energy malnutrition? | There is not enough protein intake so energy is taken from carbs |
Disorder of bone marrow stem cells that result in reduction of RBCs, WBCs and platelets is called what? | aplastic anemia |
Benign cancers are typically non-threatening unless? | They are growing in inoperable/dangerous location |