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Cerebral Vasculature
Cerebral Vasculature (NEURO)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ___ seconds of circulatory suspension will result in loss of consciousness and irreversible damage can occur in ____ minutes | 10-12 seconds, 3-5 minutes |
| both vertebral arteries arise from | the subclavian arteries |
| internal carotid vs vertebral artery supplies what? | internal carotid supplies anterior portion of brain and vertebral artery supplies posterior portion |
| internal carotid a and vertebral a. join via the? | circle of willis |
| circle of willis includes the following arteries: | posterior cerebral a., posterior communicating a., internal carotid a., middle cerebral a., anterior cerebral a., anterior communicating a. |
| Segment of the internal carotid artery in the neck is | the cervical part |
| Segment of the internal carotid artery in the petros part of the temporal bone | petros part |
| Segment of the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus | cavernous part |
| Segment of the internal carotid artery as it piereces the dura and enters the brain | intracranial (cerebral) part |
| Name 4 branches of the internal carotid artery | cervical, petros, cavernous, intracranial (cerebral) part |
| the two important branches of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery are | opthalmic and posterior communicating arteries |
| the opthalmic branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery enters through the ____ and eventually runs with the _____ inside the dura and forms the _____artery to supply the _____ | the opthalmic branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery enters through the _optic foramen___ and eventually runs with the _optic nerve____ inside the dura and forms the __central retinal artery___artery to supply the _retina____ |
| the posterior communicating arteries arise from____ to join the vertebrobasilar system | internal carotid a. |
| interruption of the ___artery can result in significant vision loss in the ipsilateral eye | central retinal artery |
| cerebral part of the internal carotid artery ends by dividing into____ | anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries |
| anterior cerebral artery runs medially over the _____ to a near midline position and is joined to its contralateral counterpart by the ____a. | anterior cerebral artery runs medially over the _optic chiasm____ to a near midline position and is joined to its contralateral counterpart by the _anterior communicating___a. |
| anterior cerebral artery supplies what? | medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes |
| the anterior/middle/posterior cerebral artery is NOT part of the circle of willis | middle cerebral |
| the anterior/middle/posterior cerebral artery is the larger of the terminal branches of the internal carotid | middle cerebral artery |
| the middle cerebral artery moves laterally through the ______ outward, giving off branches to the basal ganglia and branches to the _______aspects of the ______lobe. | the middle cerebral artery moves laterally through the _Sylvian cistern_____ outward, giving off branches to the basal ganglia and branches to the _lateral and rostral______aspects of the _temporal_____lobe. |
| deep branches that arise from the middle cerebral artery also supply the _____. | genu and posterior limb of the internal capsule |
| the ____artery supplies a central area of the cerebral cortex that is surrounded by other arterial territories (those of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries) | middle cerebral artery |
| the_____ does nto supply any of the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere | middle cerebral artery |
| the ____ begins as the vertebral arteries. The vertebral arteries enter the cranial vault through the ____ | posterior circulation; foramen magnum |
| the upper spinal cord, medulla, and cerebellum are supplied by the internal carotid/vertebral artery | vertebral artery |
| the vertebral arteries branch off to ____ and ____ branches in the spinal cord | anterior, posterior |
| branches of the basilar artery supplies the | cerebellum, medulla, pons |
| basilar artery coming from the vertebral artery ends in the ____ | posterior cerebral artery |
| posterior cerebral artery supplies the? | midbrain; thalamus; anterior and medial surface of the temporal lobe; ventral and medial surfaces of the temporal and occipital lobes; MAINLY OCCIPITAL LOBE |
| large collecting veins associated w/ the dura mater are called ___ | dural sinuses |
| cerebral and spinal veins have valves T/F | False; no valves! flow can be altered by pathological processes |
| dural sinuses will drain into the _____ | internal jugular veins |
| dural sinuses contain | blood and CSF |
| name 2 major dural sinuses | superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus |
| superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, and straight sinus meet at the | confluence of sinuses |
| the straight sinus begins at the junction of ___ and ____ | inferior sagittal sinus and inferior margin of the falx cerebri |
| the superior sagittal sinus/transverse sinus/straight sinus receives blood from deep brain structures | straight sinus |
| the transverse sinus drain into the ____ sinus that is continuous with the internal jugular vein out the cranium through the ______ | sigmoid sinus, jugular foramen |
| meningeal hemorrhages is bleeding in the | epidural or subdural space |
| parenchymatous is what kind of hemorrhage? | cerebral hemorrhage; bleeding into the brain itself |
| name 4 types of hemorrhages | meningeal, subarachnoid, intraventricular, parenchymatous/cerebral hemorrhage |
| skull fracture typically results in what kind of brain hemorrhage and damage to what arteries? | epidural hemorrhage causes damage to the dural arteries that run between skull and dura |
| subdural hematomas typically caused by | impact trauma that tears cerebral veins |
| subarachnoid hemorrhages are caused by | cerebral surface vessels bleeding into the subarachnoid space |
| a typical cause of this type of hemorrhage are aneurysms and high blood pressure | intraventricular hemorrhage |
| meningeal/subarachnoid/intraventricular/parenchymatous(cerebral) hemorrhage is usually due to the rupture of small vessels such as lenticulostriate arteries that supply the internal capsule | cerebral hemorrhage |
| meningeal/subarachnoid/intraventricular/parenchymatous(cerebral) hemorrhage typically occur as small restricted areas (lacunae) of bleeding (lacunar stroke) | cerebral hemorrhage |
| hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerotic disease are risk factors for meningeal/subarachnoid/intraventricular/parenchymatous(cerebral) hemorrhage | cerebral hemorrhage |
| this is anatomical and physiological barrier to the movement of many substances into and out of the brain at the level of the capillaries | blood brain barrier |
| the BBB has _____ between capillary endothelial cells that allow passage of ion species and large large macromolecules | fenestrations |
| capillaries in the brain have _____ between the endothelial cells. in addition they have _____ that surround the endothelial cells from the outside of the capillary | tight junctions; astrocyte processes |
| _____ maintain tight control of potassium ions that exist in the CNS | astrocyte processes |
| astrocyte processes maintain tight control of Na+/K+/Ca2+/Cl- ions that exist in the CNS | K+ (potassium ions) |
| drugs bound to protein pass through the _____ in the BBB | fenestrations |
| How does size, lipid solubility, active transport affect how rapid molecules enter the brain? | fastest entry: smaller size, more lipid soluble, molecules that are actively transported (amino acids) |
| "second circulation" of the CNS is considered | ventricles and subarachnoid spaces |
| ependyma is another name for the ______ and is made of this type of cells | ventricle surfaces; simple cuboidal |
| junction between lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the | Foramen of Monro aka interventricular foramen |
| the interventricular foramen connects the | lateral ventricles and the third ventricle |
| communication from the third ventricle to the 4th one communicates through the | cerebral aqueduct |
| ionic composition of CSF is similar to ____ | blood plasma |
| CSF is has alot/little protein and alot/little cells | very little protein and very little cells |
| ____ produces CSF in the ventricles | choroid plexus |
| The foramen_____ allows CSF to flow laterally out of the 4th ventricle | Luschka |
| The foramen ______ allows CSF to flow from 4th ventricle out under the vermis of the cerebellum | Magendie |
| there is/are one/two foramen Luschka and one/two foramen Magendie | two foramen Luschka and one foramen Magendie |
| 3 primary functions of CSF | buyoancy (shock absorber with arachnoid trabeculae), deliver some elements and remove waste, compensate for changes in intracranial blood volume |
| choroid plexus is mostly located in the lateral/third/4th ventricle; to a lesser extent in the lateral/third/4th ventricles | lateral ventricles; third and 4th ventricles |
| the production of CSF from the choroid plexus is an active/passive process | active (requires energy) |
| the majority of the CSF is produced from the choroid plexus and the rest is made from the ______ | parenchyma as a flow of extracellular fluid including waste products into the ventricles |
| CSF is produced at a rate of _____ ml/day, but the ventricles and subarachnoid space contain only ____ml. | 450-500ml; 65-150ml |
| normal pressure of the CSF is _____ mm of H2O.......... | 50-180 |
| the sequence of CSF flow is... | most produced in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles -> third ventricle through the Foramen Munroe ->cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space |
| subarachnoid space contains | CSF and arachnoid trabeculae (surface vessels of the brain) |
| CSF empties into the venous circulation through specializations of the dura/arachnoid/pia mater, which are the dura/arachnoid/pia mater ______ that are associated with the dural sinuses | arachnoid mater; arachnoid mater villi |
| collections of arachnoid mater villi are called arachnoid ________ | granulations |
| arachnoid granulations are most visible along the superior sagittal/inferior/straight sinus | superior sagittal |
| hydrocephalus is _____ expansion not restricted by closed skull bones, so expansion of the ____ as a whole may occur | ventricular; cranium |
| increased intracranial pressure occurs because | CSF is prevented from circulating back into venous sinuses which enlarges one or more of the ventricles usually at the expense of vascular space |
| 2 types of hydrocephalus are | noncommunicating, communicating |
| communicating/noncommunicating hydrocephalus is when there is an increase of CSF is some parts of the ventricles due to obstruction of the flow of CSF at the cerebral aqueduct or the three Foramina | noncommunicating |
| communicating/noncommunicating is when the flow of CSF into the venous system is blocked commonly caused by congenital absence of ______ by subarachnoid hemorrhage or infection | communicating; arachnoid villi |
| meningitis is an example of communicating/noncommunicating hydrocephalus | communicating (due to arachnoid villi blockage) |
| papilledema is caused by | elevated CSF pressure transfer to the optic nerve (back of the eye) |
| papilledema occurs because the increased intracranial pressure may reduce axoplasmic flow in the ______ and interfere with venous return from the _____ causing ischemia | optic nerve; retina |
Created by:
adriennemar
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