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Geography ch 1-3
ch 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) | a composite indicator of gender equality assessing the standard of living in a country |
| Geography | a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth's surface |
| geomorphology | the study of landforms |
| globalization | increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change. |
| global north | highest levels of economic development, mostly in northern latitudes |
| global south | lowest levels of economic development, mostly in southern latitudes |
| global warming | an increase in world temperatures and change in climate associated with increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other trace gases resulting from human activities such as deforestation and fossil-fuel burning |
| greenhouse gases | emissions produced by usage of fossil fuels that contribute to global climate change. |
| gross domestic product (GDP) | an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year |
| Gross National Income (GNI) | the net value of income from abroad (flows of profits and losses from overseas investments) |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | a United Nations metric based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income |
| imperialism | the extension of the power of a state through the direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories |
| Industrial Revolution | a rapid major change in an economy (as in England in the late 18th century) marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | provides loans to governments throughout the world |
| Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) | the region where air flows together and rises vertically as a result of intense solar heating at the equator, often with heavy rainfall |
| invasive species | Non-native species disrupting and replacing native species. |
| language | a way of communicating ideas of feelings by means of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulated vocal sounds |
| lingua franca | a language that is used among people who speak various different languages, often for trading purposes |
| nation | a group of people sharing common elements of culture, such as language and religion |
| nationalism | the feeling of belonging to a nation as well as a belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs |
| nation-state | an ideal form consisting of a homogeneous group of people, living in the same territory, and governed by their own state |
| neoliberalism | promotes a reduction in the role and budget of government, including reduced subsides and the privatization of formerly publicly owned and operated concerns such as utilities |
| Neolithic | Of or relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning around 10,000 b.c. in the Middle East and later elsewhere, characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone implements. |
| nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) | a formally constituted organization that is not a part of the government and are not conventional for-profit business (ex: humanitarian group) |
| orographic precipitation | rain or snow that falls when moisture-laden air, which has blown over warm oceans, encounters a landmass, especially coastal mountains. |
| physical geography | branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes |
| physiography | branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes, aka physical geography |
| plantation economies | the classic institution of colonial agriculture that were extensive, European-owned, operated, and financed enterprises where single crops were produced by local or imported labor for a world market |
| plate tectonics | theory that explains how Earth's crust is divided into large solid plates that move relative to each other and cause mountain-building, volcanic, and earthquake activity when they separate or meet |
| primary sector | economic activity concerned directly with natural resources of any kind |
| purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita | measures how much of a common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally |
| quaternary sector | economic activity that deals with handling and processing of knowledge and information |
| race | a problematic and illusory classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics |
| racialization | the practice of creating unequal castes where whiteness is considered the norm |
| region | a part of a country, of the world, etc., that is different or separate from other parts in some way |
| regionalization | the geographer's classification of individual places or areal units; it is the geographer's equivalent of scientific classification |
| religion | a belief system and a set of practices that recognizes the existence of a power higher than humankind |
| secondary sector | economic activity involving the processing, transformation, fabrication, or assembly of raw materials or the reassembly, refinishing, or packaging of manufactured goods. |
| sexuality | a set of practices and identities related to sexual acts and desires |
| social movements | large, informal groupings of individuals and organizations that focus on social or political issues |
| sovereign state | exercises power over a territory and people and is recognized by other states with its independent power codified in international law |
| supranational organizations | collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic or political and that diminish individual state sovereignty in favor of member states' interests |
| tertiary sector | sale and exchange of goods and services |
| weather | the instantaneous or immediate state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place |
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me505
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