A & P Chapter 19 - Blood

Question	Answer
Function of Blood	Transportation, Regulation, Protection
Functions of Transportation	02 nutrients to cells; wastes from cells to lungs, liver and kidnesy for excretion; heat away from cells; hormones
Functions of Regulation	pH through buffers; temperature through heat-absorbing & coolant properties of its H2O content and variable rate of flow through skin; water content of cells through dissolved ions and proteins (osmotic pressure)
Functions of Protection	Blood loss; foreign microbes & toxins
Average pH of blood	7.4
Blood composition	45% formed elements & 55% plasma
Blood characteristics	5 times more viscous & slightly heaver than H2O; temperature normally 38C; about 8% of total body weight
Ways for withdrawing blood	Venipuncture; figner stick & arterial stick
Venipuncture	Withdraw blood from vein
Finger stick	A drop or two of blood is removed from a finger, ear lobe or heel of foot
Arterial stick	Sample of blood taken from the radial artery (wrist) or femoral artery (groin)
Hematopoiesis	Formation of blood cells
5 cell types that develop from hemoctyoblasts	Proerythoblasts, Myeloblasts, Monoblasts, Lymphoblasts & Megakaryoblasts
Proerythoblasts	Form erythrocytes
Myeloblasts	Form neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
Monoblasts	Form monocytes
Lymphoblasts	Form lymphocytes
Megakaryoblasts	Form thrombocytes
Erythrocytes	Biconcave discs; 8mm in diameter; lack nuclei & cannot reproduce themselves; hB is 33% of cell weight
Erythropoiesis	Formation of RBC's only
Stages in development of RBC's	Hemocytoblast -> erythroblast -> reticulocte -> RBC
Sickle cell anemia	abnormal Hb molecule. Cells become sickle shaped when exposed to low oxygen concentration, block up tissues and organs.
Types of Anemia	Sickle cell, Hemorrhagic, Aplastic, Hypochromic; Hemolytic
Hemorrhagic	Due to loss of blood
Aplastic	Due to a defect in the red bone marrow resulting in a decrease in the production of RBC's
Hypochromic	RBC's are light colored because of decreased hemoglobin
Hemolytic	Rapid destruction of RBC's
Polycythemia	Abnormally high number of RBC's that increased the viscosity of th eblood, causing it to flow sluggishly.
Blood doping	Artificially induced polycythemia
How blood doping occurs	RBC's drawn off; Erythropoietin mechanism is triggered, quickly replacing lost RBC's; shortly before event, the stored RBC's is reinfused resulting in a temporary polycythemia; increased oxygen carrying capacity should result in greater endurance
Leukocytes	Transported by circulatory system but perform most of their work outside it. Leave blood vessels by diapedesis
Granulocytes	WBC's that have obvious granuels in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils
Neutrophils	54-62% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains pink granules. Nucleus is 2-5 lobed
Eoxinophils	1-3% of WBC's. Cytoplasm contains red granules. Nucleus is bilobed.
Basophiles	Less than 1%. of WBC's. Cytoplasmic granules stain dark blue.
Granules contain:	Histamine & Heparin
Histamine	Causes increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Heparin	Anticoagulant
Agranulocytes	cytoplasm lacks conspicuous granules. Lymphocytes & Monocytes
Lymphocytes	20-25% of WBC's Large round nucleus with little cytoplasm
Monocytes	3-9% of WBC's. Larges of all WBC's. Bean shaped nucleus
Leukocytosis	WBC count > 10,000: indicates acute infection
Leukopenia	WBC count < 5,000; Seen in viral infections, flue, chicken pox, measles, & polio
Differential WBC Count	look at relative of WBC's
Plasma	Liquid portion of blood. Is 92% water with dissolved electrolytes/molecule
Functions of plasma	Transports nutrients & wastes; regulates fluid & electrolyte balance and regulation of pH
Three types of plasma proteins	Albumin, Globulins & Fibrinogen
Albumin	60% of plasma proteins. Made in liver, function to maintain osmotic pressure, regulates water balance between blood & tissues.
Globulins	36% of plasma proteins. Alpha & beta - made in liver; transports lipids & fat soluble substances through blood. Gamma - antibodies, made by the lymphatic system
Fibrinogen	4% of plasma proteins. Functions in clotting
Inflammation	Localized response to trauma, heat, infections and chemicals. Occurs mainly in the CT
Funcitons of inflammation	Prevent spread of infections; destroy foreign substances & promote healing
Thrombus	A blood clot which forms in a vessel abnormally
Embolus	A clot or a piece of a clot which is moving through the blood.
Hemophilia	Hereditary - Males affected primarily. Several types, but all involve the absence of a clotting factor in the blood
Hematocrit	% of blood cells in a volume of blood
Hemoglobing (Hb)	the protein part of RBC's which contains Fe and is the molecule which carries oxygen
Clotting time	Time required for a blood to clot after it is removed from the body (3-8 minutes)
Bleeding time	Time for a small, sharp incision to stop bleeding (1-3 minutes)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)	Test where all of the following are looked at: HCT, Hb, RBC, WBC, differential WBC
Agglutination	The clumping of RBC;s following a transfusion
Agglutinogens	Antigens in RBC membranes
Agglutinins	Antibodies dissolved in the plasma
Blood typing	Involves identifying the agglutinogens that are present on a person's RBC's
Blood Type A	Protein: A; Antibodies: B; Transfusions: A & O
Blood Type B	Protein: B; Antibodies: A; Transfusions: B & O
Blood Type AB	Protein: A & B; Antibodies: Neither A or B; Transfusions: A, B, AB & O
Blood Type O	Protein: Neither A or B; Antibodies: Both A & B; Transfusions: Only O

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