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Homeostasis/Stress
patho exam 1: homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define homeostasis | remaining stable while staying the same |
| Homeostasis is a state of what? | equilibrium balance of all systems |
| What is an ideal "set point" despite alterations within the body? | homeostasis |
| at the lowest level, stress affects what? | activity of enzymes and cells |
| What happens to enzyme activity when temperature is increased? | enzymes are more active |
| What happens to enzyme activity when temperature is decreased? | enzyme activity is decreased |
| define allostasis | ability to successfully adapt to challenges |
| What organ regulates intricate regulatory processes in the body? | the brain |
| What type of process is allostasis? | dynamic |
| What does allostasis do? | maintain or reestablishes homeostasis in light of environmental changes |
| 3 factors of stress | physical chemical emotional |
| what does stress result in? | tension of body or mind |
| define stress | real or perceived threat to homeostasis |
| What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome? | alarm resistance/adaptation exhaustion |
| define alarm stage | fight or flight response due to stressful stimulus |
| what axis is associated with alarm stage? | hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis |
| define resistance or adaptation stage | activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis |
| define allostatic state | activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis |
| Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome facilitates the individual's allostatic restoration of homeostasis: alarm, resistance, exhaustion, allostatic load? | resistance |
| what does ADH save? | water |
| What does aldosterone save? | salt |
| How does ACTH relate to aldosterone production? | ACTH is necessary for enzyme activity needed to make aldosterone |
| Example of mineralcorticoid | aldosterone |
| example of glucocorticoid | cortisol |
| define liplysis | breakdown of fat |
| define glycolysis | breakdown of glycogen in liver |
| define exhaustion stage | point where body can no longer return to homeostasis |
| define allostatic overload | cost of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response |
| What is another term for the effect of "wear and tear" on the body? | allostatic overload |
| define stressors | agents or conditions that can produce stress and endanger homeostais |
| types of stressors | internal/external physical chemical biological social cultural psychological |
| How will stressors vary? | scope intensity duration |
| Inadequate responses to stress can cause what? | illness |
| reactions to stress vary depending on what? | genetic constitution gender past experiences cultural influences developmental stage age |
| stressors can include what types of perceived events? | negatively and positively |
| Which of the following is an example of a stressor? using a cell phone while driving, being exposed to air pollution, running in the dark, having inadequate immunizations? | being exposed to air pollution |
| define risk factors | conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor |
| What play an integral role in allostasis? | catecholamines |
| What response mediates the fight or flight response? | sympathico-adrenal system response |
| Examples of catecholamines | norepinephrine epinephrine |
| A physiologic response to the release of catecholamines during the stress response would be: increased gastrointestinal motility, constriction of the pupils, increased glycogenolysis, decreased heart rate? | increased glycogenolysis |
| What does the stress response require? | additional available energy |
| What does norepinephrine do? | constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure reduces gastric secretions increases night and far vision |
| What does epinephrine do? | enhances myocardial contractility, increase heart rate, increase cardiac output bronchodilation increases release of glucose from liver elevates blood glucose levels |
| define glycogenolysis | release of glucose from the liver |
| What do you need to monitor in patient who just received epinephrine? | heart rate |
| What steroids are critical to maintenance of homeostasis? | adrenocortical steroids |
| How will adrenocortical steroids affect catecholamines | synergize or antagonize |
| Examples of adrenocortical steroids | cortisol aldosterone |
| Is aldosterone regulated by ACTH? | no |
| what is the primary glucocorticoid? | cortisol |
| What adrenocortical steroid affects protein metabolism? | cortisol |
| What does cortisol promote | appetite and food-seeking behaviors |
| What type of effects does cortisol have? | anti-inflammatory |
| What is the primary mineralocorticoid? | aldosterone |
| What adrenocortical steroid promotes reabsorption of sodium and water? | aldosterone |
| What is aldosterone's affect on blood pressure? | increases blood pressure |
| Why does aldosteron increase blood pressure? | salt saving blood volume goes up stroke volume increases blood pressure increases |
| define endogenous opioids | body's natural pain relievers |
| What do endogenous opioids do? | raise pain threshold produce sedation and euphoria |
| what do macrophages secrete during stress response? | immune cytokines |
| What do immune cytokines produce? | enhanced immune system response |
| What can prolonged stress do? | suppress immune functioning |
| Example of immune cytokine | interleukin-1 |
| 8 neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation | catecholamines adrenocortical steroids endorphins and enkephalins immune cytokines sex hormones growth hormone prolactin oxytocin |
| how does stress effect growth hormone levels? | increase to enhance immune function |
| When is oxytocin produced? | during childbirth and lactation |
| What is oxytocin associated with? | bonding and social attachment |
| What kind of effect does oxytocin produce? | calming |
| How do individual stress responses change? | with time and circumstances |
| Effects of stress response are influenced by... | genetics socioeconomic status prior susceptibilities preexisting health status allostatic state ability to manage stress |
| Stress response is modified by what? | experience training different conditions |
| define adaptation | biophsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin |
| define coping | behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms |
| define distress | perceived inability to cope with a stressor |
| 2 adaptation methods for stress | habituation desensitization |
| 3 types of desensitization | biofeedback visualization meditation |
| What is an inadequate adaptation mechanism? | allostatic overload |
| What chemical mediators from stress response contribute to various illnesses? | cortisol catecholamines cytokines |
Created by:
cdc52591
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