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Biochem
New Material for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When nutrients are defined broadly it includes things such as | carbs, lipids, proteins (energy & more) |
| Nutrients includes | carbs, lipids, protein, vitamins, mineral, and WATER |
| Non-nutrients included things such as | alchohol, phytochemcials, pigments, & additives |
| What comes from plants, are bio-active and provide some benefit to our body. | phytochemicals ( not yet classifiend as a vitamin) |
| Essental nutrients mean what | nessary and must include in diet |
| Alcohol contains how many Kcal/g | 7 |
| Essential organic nutrients that does not supply engergy and doesn't last forever (degradable) | vitamins (B-12 is not a source of energy |
| required for function because they are cofactors for enqymes. They are indestructable in body unlike vitamins | Minerals |
| What is essential in our diets, could become an issue for senior citizen because sensation of thirst declines as we age | Water |
| Remember there is a difference between saying something is correlated vs. saying something is a cause and effect relationship | cause and effect relation require more studies than stating something is correlated |
| What are the gold standards in research according to Kearny | Peer-reviewed by professional (insteaded of popular opinion) |
| DRI's- Dietary Reference Intakes are what | nutrient intake values (standards) for health people. Defines the amount of energy, nutrients, dietary component, and physical activity that supports health. (the overall collection that includes things such as EAR, RDA, AI, & UL) |
| EAR's are | estimated averages req to maintain health in half the population |
| RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance | the RDA for a nutrient is set well above the Estimated Avergae Req and covers about 98 % of the population. Has lots of research to back it up, is age and sex specific |
| AI Adequate intake not a range like depicted in book | When some research is done but insufficient for a set RDA, and AI is set as an intake guide |
| UL upper intake levels | maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most health people and beyond which increases chance of ADE |
| RDA set for | 98% of the population/age and sex specific/lots of study go into/not RDA for everything/should aim for most days/ |
| UL is set how | just bellow toxicity-if exceed occasionally, may be ok |
| DRI's apply to | healthy people and food NOT SUPPLEMENTS |
| vitamin is given as AI WHY? | because get some from some |
| scurvy is from a deficiency in | vitamin C |
| Rickets is from deficiency is | vitamin D |
| General princles of healthly diet ABCD&MV | Adequacy, Balance, Calorie-control, Nutrient Density, Moderation, Variety |
| Nutrient Density | amount of given nutrient per kcal |
| Most of us don't get enough | potassium |
| new pyramid | more helpful than DRI, width tells amount, depends on average calorie intake |
| What are exchange list used for | a diet plan to achieve calorie-control and moderation/org 4 diabetics/ sorts foods based on proportions of carbs, proteins,& fats/ will be listed under what the food contains most of |
| estimated calorie for sedentary | S 1600-2400 |
| estimated calorie for moderatly active | MA 1800-2800 |
| estimated calorie for active | A 2000-3200 |
| when states it is enriched/fortified what does this contain | Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, nicin, folate (last 4 are B-vits) |
| veg colors that contain good vits | dark green and yellow |
| beans and Peas (legums) | good protien, some vit, some fiber |
| Fruits | fresh best/juice ok but lacks fiber/ drinks or -aids are not real good |
| Fish> chicken>meat Good source of protein, vit , min, fat varies, not absolutely necessary for a good diet | in order of better for you |
| Nutrition Facts must show | calories, cal from fat, total fat, sat fat, cholesterol, Na, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sugar, protein. Vitamins A and C Minerals Fe & Ca NOTICE NOT TRANS FAT |
| the percent on label is the | % of what a person on 200 calorie diet needs and is not based on age or sex. Est your own by standard X factor (your cal/2000) |
| why is the Daily Values useful | helps consumer compare from one product to another. NOT for determine adequacy for given individual |
| if your daily value is more than 2000, then the % on the label is higher than what is actual | so if it says 20% then really < 20% |
| Nutrient claims | indicated SPECIFIC CONTENTof a nutrient. FDA denfines and regulates what claims can be made |
| Health claim | must be FDA approved and describes association between nutrient/food and health problem |
| recognized difference between health and nutrition claim in statement | in a low fat diet, whole grains food like wheat chex may reduce the risk of hearth disease (it is a nutrition claim that make a health claim) |
| alcholol dehydrogenase is | involved in first step of break down. Men have more in stomach so break down more than women before it gets absorbed. |
| liver can metabolize about | 1/2 oz per hour. completely different from what we learned before |
| during fasting, alchold dehydrogenase may be broken down to provided engergy to get | glucose |
| there are two primary rxn that tell us what the effect of metabolizing alcohol | decrase in pH because of increase in H+ & NADH inhibits CAC cycle-when you do this it makes acetyl CoA accumulate and this is transferred in FA and KB (gain weight) |
| what the liver can't metabolize is passed where | on to the brain |
| Moderately heavy drinkers | gain weight in abdominal region |
| very hearvy drinkers pathologically an an alcoholic | malnutrition and loose weight- |
| With alcohol abuse what are the common deficiencies | 4 B vits and two Fat sol (folate, thiamine, B6, B12 Vit D &A |
| to main, gain, and loose what should you do to your calories | maintain in=out Gain +3500week Loose -3500week |
| a decrease of 500kcal/day will help you loose how many pound(s) a week | one lb/week |
| if you loose too fast what do you loose | water, 50%fat, 50% protein |
| when you loose slower you loose | 75% fat and only 25 % lean mass |
Created by:
lainylaina
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