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AICP - history

Exam review

Question	Answer
Ordinance of 1785	Rectangular land survey of old NW
When was first model tenement built in Manhatten	1855
When was the Homestead Act?	1862
What was the Homestead Act?	It opened the lands of public domain to settlers for a nominal fee & 5 years residence
When did NY Council of Hygiene mount a campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards?	1864
When was the first major tenement house law restricting physical conditions?	1867
When was the beginning of land use zoning in the US (San Francisco)?	1867
When did the dumbbell tenement debut?	1879
What is a dumbbell tenement?	form of multifamily housing built in NY until the end of the century & notorious for poor living conditions (lacked light, air, space)
When was the model industrial town built by George Pullman?	1880-1884 (Pullman, IL)
When was "How the Other Half Lives" published?	1890
What was "How the Other Half Lives" about?	powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform
When did fed. gov't recognize problem of slums and cities from a survey?	1892
When was the World's Columbian exposition in Chicago?	1893
What was the World's Columbian exposition?	source of City Beautiful movement and the urban planning profession
Ebenezor Howard publishes "Tomorrow A peaceful Path to Real Reform" started Garden City movement(1902 Garden Cities of Tomorrow)	1894
When was the first state court support of an ordinance restricting building heights?	1899
When was the New York State Tenement House Law?	1901
What was the purpose of the New York State Tenement House Law?	legislative basis for the revision of city codes tenement outlawing tenements such as the dumbbell tenements (Lawrence Veiller)
When was Letchworth Constructed?	1903
What is the Letchworth development?	The First English Garden City and stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.)
When was the first local civic center plan developed for Cleveland by Daniel H. Burnham?	1903
When was the first application of "City Beautiful" principles to a major American City - Burnham's plan for San Francisco?	1906
When was the first comprehensive city survey (Pittsburgh)?	1907
When was the first official, local, and permanent planning board elected (Hartford, CT)?	1907
When was the first National Conference on City Planning in Washington, D.C.?	1909
When was the First American use of zoning to restrict development (LA creates multitude of zones)?	1909
When was First State Enabling Act passed (WI)?	1909
When was Plan of Chicago created?	1909
What is the Plan of Chicago?	First Metropolitan Regional Plan - Daniel Burnham
When was the first American test of the neighborhood idea (Forest Hill Gardens,Long Island, N.Y.)?	1910
When was the first major American textbook on planning?	1913
What was the first major American textbook on planning?	Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Shurtleff
Who is the first full-time municipally employed planner?	Harland Bartholomew 1914 Newark, NJ
When did the first state institute extraterritorial mandatory referral of subdivision platts?	1915 in CA
When was Cities in Evolution written? by who? and what did is create?	1915 by Patrick Geddes; It created the foundation for regional theory
When was the National Park Service established?	1916
What did the National Park Service establish?	Established sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value
When was the NAtion's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board of Estimates?	1916 under George McAneny and Edward Bassett, "Father of Zoning"
When did Nelson P. Lewis Publish Planning of the Modern City?	1916
When was the first federal-aid highway act?	1916
When was the first regional functional authority plan adopted?	1916 - Miami Conservancy District, OH
When did Freerick Law Olmsted, Jr. become first president of newly founded American City Planning Institue?	1917
What was the American City Planning Institute?	forerunner of the American Institue of Planners and the American Institute of Certified Planners
Who were the three unifunctional regional authorities that combined to form the Boston Metro District Commission and in what year?	Metro Sewerage Commission, Metro Water Board, and Metro Park Commission in 1919
When was the first parkway in America completed and where?	1919 - Bronx River Parkway, N.Y.
When was the first statewide citizens organization in support of planning and where?	1919 - Ohio Planning Conference
When did New Orleans designate the the Vieux Carre Commission and what for?	1921 - the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.
When and where was the first bi-state functional authority?	1921 - Port of New York Authority
When was the Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York?	1922 under Thomas Adams
When was the Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created (1st of its kind in US)?	1922
When and what was the first suburban auto-oriented shopping center constructed?	1922 "Country Club Plaza" in Kansas City, MO
When was the Standard State zoning Enabling Act issued by U.S. Dept of commerce under Sec. Herbert Hoover?	1924
What city and when was the first major American city to officially endorse a comprehensive plan?	1925 - Cincinnatti, OH, Alfred Bettman
When was Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" published? and what is it?	1925 - model of urban structure and land use
When was the 1st comp plan adopted by a planning board of a major American city?	1925 - Cincinnatti
When was the first public subsidy for housing? where?	1926 - State of New York
When did teh Supreme Court uphold constitutionality of comp zoning (Village of Euclid vs. Amber Realty Co.)?	1926
When was teh Standard City Planning Enabing Act issued by US Dept of Commerce under Sec. Herbert Hoover?	1928
When was the first "new town" built? and where?	1928 in Radburn, N.J.
When was Clarence Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit published? and in what?	1929 in the Volume VII of the Regional Survey of New York and ITs Environs
What event fostered idea of public planning on a national scale? when did it occur?	Stock market crash in October 1929 ushers in Great Depression
When did the National Land Utilization Conferrence convene in Chicago? what was it?	1931 - 300 ag experts deliberated on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation
When was FDR inaugurated?	1933
When did the New Deal begin with a few counter-depression measures??	1933
When was Fed Emergency Relief Admin set-up under Harry Hopkins? and why?	1933 - to organize relief
When was the Home Owners Loan Corp established? and why?	1933 - to save homwowners facing loss through foreclosure
When was TVA created?	1933
Why was TVA created?	To provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the TN Valley, America's most famous exp. in river-basin planning.
Who was the father of the TVA idea?	Sen. George Norris of ID
What was the first large-scale regional program in integrated economic, social, and physical development planning by teh fed. gov't?	TVA
When was the first U.S. National Planning Board created?	1933
When was teh U.S. National Planning Board abolished to become the National Resources Planning Board?	1943
When was the National Housing Act created? and why?	1934 - established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and teh FHA for insuring ind. hoome mortgages
When was American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) founded?	1934
Who was the first president of the ASPO?	Alfred Bettman
When was the first US federally built housing constructed for the general public?	1934
When was the Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell?	1935
What is the Resettlement Administration?	Roosevelt "braintruster" to carry out experiments in land reform and pop resettlement
What cities did this agency build?	Greenbelt, MD and Greenhills, OH forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, MD & Reston, VA
When were the US federally built new towns built in peacetime?	1935-1937
What were the new towns called?	"greenbelt" towns
What was the Fed. Housing Act of 1937?	First major fed. legislative commitment to public housing
When did the influential "sector theory" of urban structure appear? and in what monograph?	1939 by Homer Hoyt in The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities
Whan was ACPI renamed to American Institute of Planners (AIP)?	1939
When was the Serviceman's Readjustment Act (GI bill) passed?	1944
What was the GI bill?	Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs
When and where was teh first state redevelopment act passed?	1945 - PA
When did construction of Park Forest, IL & Levittown, NY begin?	1947
Who was the first American City to adopt a new comp plan following WW II? When?	Cincinnatti - 1948
When was the Housing Act passed (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill)?	1949
What was the Housing Act (Taft Bill)?	First comprehensive housing legislation aimed to construct 800,000 units - inaugurated urban redevelopment program
When was the National Trust for Historic Preservation created and chartered by Congress?	1949
What was the US House Act of 1949?	First US federal urban redevelopment
When was Berman vs. Parker?	1954
What was Berman vs. Parker?	US supreme Court upholds right of DC Redevelopment Land Agency to condemen properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objective of duly established area redevelpment plan
When did the Council of Government (COG) Movement begin? where?	1954 - Detroit
What was the US House Act of 1954?	First Fed conservation and rehabilitation program and first federal 50/50 funding for preparation of general plans ("701")
When was "Image of the City" published? Who wrote it?	1960 by Kevin Lynch
Who was the first state to institue statewide zoning? when?	Hawaii - 1961
When was "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" written? by who?	1961 by Jane Jacobs
What was "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" about?	includees critique of planning and planners
When was the first federal housing subsidy program?	1961 ["221-d(3)"]
when was the first zoning ordinance for a major US city that introduced "flexible" controls (such as FAR)?	1961 - New York City
When was Columbia, MD established?	1963
What is special about Columbia, MD?	situated halfway bewteen WA and Baltimore, features some class integration and the neighborhood principle
When was the Civil Rights Act?	1964 - outlaws discrimination on the base of race, creed, and national roigin in places of public accommodation
When was the "Urban General Plan" written? by who?	1964 by T.J. Kent
Who was the 1st Sec of the new US Dept. of Housing & Urban Development? when was he assigned?	Robert C. Weaver - 1965
When was the Dept. of Housing & Urban Dev created?	1965
When was the National Historic Preservation Act passed?	1966
What was the National Historic Preservation Act?	establishes the National Register of Historic Places & provides, through Sec 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites & prop. threatened by federal activities
What councils and officers were created from the Nat'l Historic Preservation Act?	national Advisory Council on Histroic Preservation and each state must appt. State Histoic Preservation Officer (SHPO)
What launched the "model cities" program? and when?	The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act in 1966
What was the "model cities" program?	an interdisciplianry attack on urban blight and poverty; centerpiece of Pres. Lyndon Jphnson's "Great Society" program
When was "Design with Nature" published? written by who?	1969 by Ian McHarg
What was "Design with Nature" about?	linking planning to the natural environment
When was the National Environmental Policy Act passed?	1969
What is the National Environmental Policy Act?	an "environmental impact statement" for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment
When was the Federal Environmental Protection Agency established?	1970
Why was the Federal Environmental Protection Agency established?	to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act
When was the transfer of development rights (TDR) concept introduced?	1971 in Chicago
Golden vs. Planning Board of Ramapo	1972 - NY high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth
When was the 1st Federal Revenue sharing program?	1972
When was the 1st national land-use legislation introduced?	1972 but it was later aborted
When was the first rapid transit system built? where?	1972, San Francisco Bay Area (BART - Bay Area Rapid Transit)
What is rapid transit system?	fast center-to-center service
When did Sen. Jackson propose national land-use legislation? Why?	1972 - to protect natural resources and undeveloped land
When did the Housing and Community Development Act replace the categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development?	1974
What did the Housing and Community Development Act do?	eliminated categorical grants, created block grants
When did American Institue of Planners (AIP) merge with American Society of Planning Officals?	1978 it became APA
Penn Central Transportation Co vs. City of New York	1978 - US Supreme Court Uphelds NYC Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. The court found that baring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use
Who was the first state to institue statewide zoning and when?	Hawaii in 1978
When did the "Reagan Revolution" begin?	1980
What was the "Reagan Revolution"?	Planning profession challenged to adapt to a new policy environemnt: reduced federal domestic spending, privatization, deregulation, etc. Phase-out of some earlier aids ro planning (e.g. sewer grants) and planning programs (e.g. "Title V Regions")
Case focusing on Mt. Laurel, New Jersey	1983 - NJ Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing. A precedent-setting decision against racial segregation
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church vs. County of Los Angeles	1987
Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission	1988 - Supreme Court finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation. Finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose
When was ISTEA passed?	1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
What were key parts of ISTEA?	included provision for National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which include Histroic Preservation Component
What was the first Fed transportation law to mandate planning?	ISTEA in 1991
Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council	1992 - US Supreme Court limits local and state government's ability to restrict private property without compensation
Dolan vs. City of Tygard	1994 - US Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a rough proportionality between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and teh exactions it wishes to impose on the developer
When did President Clinton create eight new national monuments in five western states?	2000-2001
What are the 8 new national monuments?	Canyons of the Ancients (CO), Cascade-Siskiyou (OR), Hanford Reach (WA), Ironwood Forest Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (AZ), Grand Sequoi, CA Coastal. Expanded Pinnacle national monument in CA.

Created by: tmneal

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