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A&P01
Anatomy & Physiology 1 - test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of structure and the relationship among structures |
| Physiology | The study of how body structures function |
| Levels of Organization | Chemical, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems |
| Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion | What are the 3 Non-invasive techniques to assess the body? |
| Palpation | Dr feels body surfaces with the hands. Ex: feel the pulse |
| Auscultation | Dr listens to the body sounds Ex: use of stethoscope |
| Percussion | Dr taps on the body surface and listens to the echo Ex: listening if there is fluid in the lungs |
| Metabolism, Responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction | What are the 6 Basic Life Processes |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism |
| Catabolism | Breaking down |
| Anabolism | Building up, rebuilding |
| Responsiveness | The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment |
| Movement | motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or organelles inside the cells |
| Growth | Increase in size and complexity, due to increase # of cells, size or both |
| Differentiation | The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to specialized Ex: stem cell |
| Reproduction | Formation of new cells, growth, repair, or new individual, organism |
| Homeostasis | Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment. Ex: body temp isn't always 98.6 it slightly varies with the external environment |
| Intracellular Fluid | Fluid inside body cells |
| Extracellular Fluid | Fluid outside body cells. ECF |
| Intercellular Fluid | this fluid fills the narrow spaces b/w cells of tissues. |
| Plasma | ECF in blood vessels |
| Nervous & Endocrine System (homeostasis) | Homeostasis is regulated by these 2 systems? |
| Nervous System (homeostasis) | this system detects changes and sends nerve impulses (rapid) |
| Endocrine System (homeostasis) | this system regulates by secreting hormones (slow) |
| Receptor, control, Effector | The 3 Feedback system components are? |
| Feedback Receptor | monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center |
| Feedback Control Center | Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed |
| Feedback Effector | a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. |
| Negative Feedback System | if a response reverses the original stimulus Ex: Blood pressure increases, signals sent to heart to pump slower, to decrease bp back to normal |
| Positive Feedback System | enhances the original stimulus Ex: Childbirth, contractions start when there's pressure, continues to contract more until baby is out |
| Disorder | any abnormality of function |
| Disease | more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symp. |
| Symptoms | Subjective Ex: headache, nausea |
| Signs | Objective Ex: fever, rash |
| Prone Position | body lying face down |
| Supine Position | body lying face up |
| Anatomical Position | standardized method of observing the body. standing straight up, palms out |
| Cranial | Skull; regional name |
| Thoracic | chest; regional name |
| Brachial | arm; regional name |
| Patellar | knee; regional name |
| cephalic | head; regional name |
| gluteal | buttock; regional name |
| Superior | toward the head, upper part |
| Inferior | away from the head, lower part |
| Anterior | nearer to the front of the body |
| Posterior | nearer to the back of the body |
| Medial | nearer to the midline |
| Lateral | farther from the midline |
| Proximal | nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk |
| Distal | farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk |
| Superficial | toward the surface of the body |
| Cranial Cavity | formed by cranial bones and contains brain |
| Vertebral Cavity | formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord |
| Thoracic Cavity | chest cavity; contains plueral and pericardial cavities and mediatinum |
| Pleural Cavity | enclose the lungs |
| Pericardial Cavity | surrounds the heart |
| Mediastinum | median partition b/w the lungs that extends from sternum to vertebral column. Contains all thoracic cavity except lungs |
| Ventral Cavity | Anterior; subdivided by the diaphragm into an upper thoracic cavity and lower abdominal cavity |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | cranial and vertebral cavities |
| Viscera of Abdominal Cavity | Cavity; stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine |
| Viscera of Pelvic Cavity | Cavity; bladder, some large intestine, internal female and male reproductive structures |
| Serous Membrane | viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. also walls of the thorax and abdomen |
| Parietal Layer | part of the serous membrane; lines the walls of the cavities |
| Visceral Layer | part of the serous membrane; covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities |
| Pleural Membrane | Membrane that surrounds the lungs: parietal pleura clings to the surface of the chest wall, visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs |
| Peritoneum | the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity |
| Epigastric Region | Region; top part of the abdomen |
| Umbilical Region | Region; middle part of the abdomen |
| Hypograstic Region | Region; lower part of the abdomen |
| Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen | these make up 96% of body weight |
| O, H, C, N w/ phosphorous and calcium | these make up 98.5% of body weight, rest are trace elements |
| Atoms | units of matter |
| Element | a quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in the nucleus |
| Mass Number | total number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotopes | same number of protons but different numbers neutrons |
| Radioactive isotopes | these are unstable; nuclei decay |
| Molecule | two or more atoms share electrons |
| Free Radical | electrically charged atom or atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell |
| Antioxidants | substances that inactivate Oxygen-derived free radicals |
| Valence shell | number of electrons in its outermost shell |
| Octet Rule | atoms w/ incomplete outer shells tend to combine w/ each other in chemical rxns to become stable |
| Ionic Bonds | when and atom loses or gains a valence electron, ions formed |
| Cations | positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons |
| Anions | negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons |
| Ionic Compounds | exist in solids but can disassociate into pos. or neg. ions in solution-electrolyte; dissolves easily |
| Covalent Bond | Strongest, most common; sharing 1,2,3 pairs of their valence electrons, structures of the body |
| Non-Polar Covalent Bond | Bonds that share electrons equally |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Bonds that share electrons unequally |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weakest bond, help provide 3d shapes; perfect environments for chemical rxns. |
| Chemical Reaction | this occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds break between atoms |
| Reactant | the starting substances of a chemical rxn |
| Product | the ending substances of a chemical rxn |
| Energy | this is the capacity to do work |
| Potential Engery | is energy stored by matter due to its position |
| Kinetic Energy | is the energy associated with matter in motion |
| Chemical Engery | form of potential energy stored in the bonds of compounds or molecules |
| Exergonic Reaction | (energy transfer in chemical rxn) bond is broken, has more energy than the one formed, energy is released. Ex: metabolism; catabolism of food |
| Endergonic Reaction | (energy transfer in chemical rxn) requires energy; from ATP, to form a bond Ex: bonding amino acids to form proteins |
| Activation Energy | the collision energy needed to break chemical bonds; initial energy to start rxn |
| Concentration & Temperature | two factors that influence Activation Energy |
| Catalyst | Chemical compounds that speed up chemical rxns by lowering the activation energy. -does not alter potential energy -catalyst is unchanged -helps orient the particles |
| Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, Reversible | What are the 4 Types of Chemical Reactions? |
Created by:
ktscards
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